Found 132 Articles for Academic

Introduction Roots are the vital organs of plants that help in support and water and nutrition absorption and transport. There are 2 types of root systems: Tap root system Adventitious or fibrous root system. Images Coming soon Tap Root When a seed germinates, the radicle elongates and becomes a taproot or primary root. In dicotyledonous plants, the main root is persistent and produces lateral roots. All younger roots arise at the apex and older roots at the base. The taproot and its branches form the taproot system. Adventitious Root Adventitious roots grow from a part of the plant ... Read More

Introduction To sustain life, we have to eat food. The nutrients that are present in the food give us the energy to work, run and play. In addition, these nutrients protect us from diseases, heal our wounds, and keep up healthy. Many of the nutrients present in the food are macromolecules that are essential for the build-up of the body. For example, proteins help in the building of muscles in our body. The main source of energy is carbohydrates while nucleic acid carries hereditary information. All living organisms need the macromolecule in their daily diet. But if we are not ... Read More

Introduction The term "vitamin" was first used by "Dr. Casimir Funk'' in 1912. Vitamins were previously known as vitamines (brief for vital amines), but the term was simplified to vitamins after scientists learned the chemicals didn't need amines. Vitamins that dissolved in fat were designated as "fat-soluble A" vitamins and those that dissolved in water as "water-soluble B" vitamins in 1913. After that, the vitamins were called according to the order in which they were discovered, although scientists made numerous errors and recategorised the vitamins. " Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins'', an English Biochemist, received the Nobel Prize for his role ... Read More

Introduction to Cell Division Reproduction and growth are two of the most defining characteristics of a living organism. Be it a unicellular bacterium or a complex multicellular human being, the cells of all organisms undergo division, giving rise to two daughter cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle is an ordered and tightly regulated series of events that cause duplication of a cell’s genome and its division into two daughter cells. In mitosis, a parent cell divides and results in two daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as were present in the parent cell. However, sexually-reproducing organisms ... Read More

Introduction The inception of the earth took place some 4.5 billion years ago. Life is estimated to have first appeared on earth some 3.6 billion years ago and ever since, there has been a continuous evolution and extinction of countless microbes, animals and plants. The animal life on earth is particularly fascinating. Their evolution from a minute cells to such complex lifeforms that ambulate, hunt, reproduce and fight for survival is truly amazing. The animals that we see today such as lions and tigers, rhinos, elephants, dolphins and whales, are particularly attractive due to their large size. Interestingly, the ancestors ... Read More

Introduction Mayflies, of order Ephemeroptera, is an aquatic group of insects emerging in vast numbers during the months of summer. It belongs to one of the ancient groups of extant insects with origins dating back to greater than 300 million years. They are characterized by extremely short life expectancy. They are also known by alias names like sandfly, shadfly, fishfly, dayfly, and drake. Most mayflies consume algae, diatoms, organic detritus, and higher plants. However, some species are known to be carnivores. Images Coming soon Types of Mayflies There are three types of mayflies − White Mayfly − ... Read More

Introduction The mass flow hypothesis, also called the Pressure-flow hypothesis, provides an explanation for the transport mechanism of sap through the phloem. It was devised by a German plant physiologist, Ernst Munch in 1930. It is based on the difference in osmotic pressure inside the phloem cells. Phloem is one of the living tissues in plants responsible for maintaining its nutrient transport system along with the xylem. What is Mass Flow Hypothesis? According to the mass flow hypothesis, an osmotic or diffusion gradient causes the sap to move from the source to the sink along with the water. ... Read More

Introduction Motivation Motivation is the aspiration to do something. It plays a vital role in setting up our own goals. Motivation creates competition and social connectivity among humans. In the absence of motivation, individuals may from suffer depression. Motivation is of two types extrinsic and intrinsic. In extrinsic, the individuals are inspired by an outside force like other people's success, reward, etc. While in the case of intrinsic the individuals are inspired by themselves to improve their own activity. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory and was put forward by Abraham Maslow in the ... Read More

Introduction Aquatic ecosystems cover almost 70% of the earth's surface. An aquatic ecosystem comprises two habitats fresh water and marine habitats. The freshwater habitat contain low salt content. It includes ponds, lakes, streams, wetlands, swamps, and rivers. Marine habitat contain relatively high salt. Oceans, reefs, and intertidal zones are examples of marine biology. Marine biology is the study of life in the marine environment. In this tutorial, we are going to learn about marine biology in depth. What is Marine Biology? The scientific study of the marine ecosystem is known as Marine Biology. The marine system contains a high percentage ... Read More

Introduction Prolactin is a hormone that is responsible for many important functions in human beings such as the differentiation of the cells that perform different functions such as the mammary gland and in the stimulation of the mammary alveoli in parturition, for the production of breast milk. It is secreted by the pituitary glands, immune systems, and others. Prolactin Hormone Prolactin is a very important hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive system. It is found in both males and females, but the females have high amounts of it when they are in the phase of reproduction. It ... Read More