Introduction Natural selection can help to explain the diversity of life on earth. On the other hand, biological evolution refers to the change in inherited characteristics over successive generations in populations of organisms. Biological evolution has completely different characteristics than natural selection. Natural selection is the cause or the mechanism that helps in the evolution. For existing in this system, being adopted is the first thing that any living organism went through. Biological evolution is the main thing that plays a key role in the selection process. What is Natural Selection? Natural selection is a process of the nature that ... Read More

Introduction The increasing rate of the population all over the world is the principal reason for building several national parks and sanctuaries. In order to accommodate the huge population and the aggressive nature of human beings, the animals are kept in national parks and sanctuaries. A natural park mainly looks after the sustainability of the natural environment while the sanctuary mainly looks after the suitability of the different animals. What are national parks and sanctuaries? National parks refers to a particular area that is built for maintaining the natural environment and is fully looked after by the government. In this ... Read More

Introduction Mycology deals with the classification and taxonomy of fungus or fungi. It also includes the research on fungi’s biochemical and genetic properties. It also determines their importance and benefits in various fields including the food production industry, medication, and agriculture. Fungi are mainly used in traditional medicine production and food production. It helps in the production of wine, beer, bread, cheese, and curd. The types of mycology include several branches like forensic mycology, lichenology, and Ethnolichenology among others. What is Mycology? Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology. He was a famous German botanist, who had researched ... Read More

Introduction Natural disasters are considered as the negative impact of natural hazards that significantly harms the community and nature. It can be measured by the loss of lives and economical damage. The damage depends on the location of the disaster and the infrastructure they have. The most common example of a natural disaster is earthquakes, droughts, storms, floods, volcanic activity, extreme temperature, landslide, and wildfires. In this world, the biggest natural disaster is known as the 1931’s Yangtze river floods, it was caused because of the excessive rainfall over the central of china. What are Natural Disasters? Figure 1: ... Read More

Introduction Myasthenia Gravis (disease) is derived from a significant Latin word that depicts grave muscle weakness. Circulation of antibodies is associated with this disease. This type of circulation process causes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This disease affects the muscle joints. The associated antibodies are found to deter motor neurons that resist them from signalling necessary signals to the muscles and as a result, severe contraction takes place. What is Myasthenia Gravis? In Myasthenia Gravis disease, breakdown take place in the communication between muscles and nerves which causes severe difficulties in handling the normal process of the body parts. A range of ... Read More

Introduction Mutualism is a mutual kind of relationship, that is often found amongst all living organisms. In mutualism, all living organisms such as humans, animals, and birds are engaged. Some of the important microorganisms, such as fungi, viruses and bacteria’s are engaged in this process at certain stages in their life circle. What is mutualism? Mutualism is an important process in which a specific type of relationship between symbiont and a host is associated. In this process, both of the engaged organisms are benefited as no such harmful actions are carried out by any of the organisms. This mutual interaction ... Read More

Introduction Genetic mutations are the changes in the DNA sequences which mainly take place during the time of cell division. During the time of cell copies, the total process happens. DNA of a body symbolizes the formation as well as the function of a body. Genetic mutations also lead to different genetic conditions such as cancer. Several external factors are also very much affected the DNA sequences. What are Mutations? The DNA sequences provide information about the formation of cells and perform as per their functions. In this case, a DNA sequence is not in the proper place, the total ... Read More

Introduction In the field of genetics, mutagen can be physical, chemical or biological agents present in the genetic material of an organism, to be precise in the DNA. The presence of these products is responsible for enhancing the rate of mutations in the cells. These mutations are often harmful to the cells and can cause very adverse effects on the health of an individual. Some of the common examples of mutagens are radioactive products, xrays, and chemicals and ultraviolet radiation. What are mutagens? Mutagens are termed the products that are harmful to the genetic material, especially DNA, these results in ... Read More

Introduction Microbiology is the study of different microbes such as bacteria, viruses, slime molds, fungi, and protozoans. Microbes can be unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. The study of microorganisms that modify, colonize, contaminate or process food is known as food microbiology. History of Food Microbiology Food history varies with culture, environment, and social and economic impacts. The history of Food Microbiology is classified based on time and periods. In 7000 BC there was evidence of the manufacturing of beer. The wine was found to be manufactured in about 3500 BC. For the first time, food spoilage was recorded in 6000 ... Read More

Introduction Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is another genetic material that is found in living organisms. It is a single-stranded polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a ribose sugar moiety, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Nitrogen bases are Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil which are joined to the sugar by glycosidic bonds, and the backbone of RNA is made of a phosphodiester bond, similar to DNA. Though it is a single stranded structure it can fold upon itself, show complementary base pairing within, and form a 3D structure. Types of RNA There are three types of RNA’s found namely ... Read More