Introduction The mass flow hypothesis, also called the Pressure-flow hypothesis, provides an explanation for the transport mechanism of sap through the phloem. It was devised by a German plant physiologist, Ernst Munch in 1930. It is based on the difference in osmotic pressure inside the phloem cells. Phloem is one of the living tissues in plants responsible for maintaining its nutrient transport system along with the xylem. What is Mass Flow Hypothesis? According to the mass flow hypothesis, an osmotic or diffusion gradient causes the sap to move from the source to the sink along with the water. ... Read More

Introduction Motivation Motivation is the aspiration to do something. It plays a vital role in setting up our own goals. Motivation creates competition and social connectivity among humans. In the absence of motivation, individuals may from suffer depression. Motivation is of two types extrinsic and intrinsic. In extrinsic, the individuals are inspired by an outside force like other people's success, reward, etc. While in the case of intrinsic the individuals are inspired by themselves to improve their own activity. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory and was put forward by Abraham Maslow in the ... Read More

Introduction Aquatic ecosystems cover almost 70% of the earth's surface. An aquatic ecosystem comprises two habitats fresh water and marine habitats. The freshwater habitat contain low salt content. It includes ponds, lakes, streams, wetlands, swamps, and rivers. Marine habitat contain relatively high salt. Oceans, reefs, and intertidal zones are examples of marine biology. Marine biology is the study of life in the marine environment. In this tutorial, we are going to learn about marine biology in depth. What is Marine Biology? The scientific study of the marine ecosystem is known as Marine Biology. The marine system contains a high percentage ... Read More

Introduction Hormones are the chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into systemic blood circulation. They control distinct body functions. Each hormone has its own designated biological role. Hormones are diverse and are known to control different metabolisms, growth, development, repair, reproduction as well as stress. On a whole, hormones control the emotional as well as the physical health of the human body. Sex hormones perform functions related to reproduction and sexual behaviour. The male sex hormones are especially concerned with the development of male sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics and reproduction. What are Male Sex Hormones? Male sexual characteristics ... Read More

Introduction Prolactin is a hormone that is responsible for many important functions in human beings such as the differentiation of the cells that perform different functions such as the mammary gland and in the stimulation of the mammary alveoli in parturition, for the production of breast milk. It is secreted by the pituitary glands, immune systems, and others. Prolactin Hormone Prolactin is a very important hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive system. It is found in both males and females, but the females have high amounts of it when they are in the phase of reproduction. It ... Read More

Introduction Productivity is an important part of the ecosystem which is based on the increased rate of biomass. The measurement of this process is mainly done by per unit area. Here biomass is an important aspect and it is a matter of dry mass. The factor of production depends on the ecosystem and the ecosystem consists of a specific number of producers, consumers, and decomposers. It depends on the two factors such as primary and secondary productivity. Information regarding Productivity It is seen that ecology shows productivity as the generation rate of biomass within an ecosystem. The net of this ... Read More

Introduction The prion protein and its misfold can lead to many diseases known as prion diseases. However, the reason behind the abnormal fold of these types of prions is still unknown. Every kind of disease that is caused by this, affects mainly the brains or the neural tissues. The main thing about prions is that they are . What are Prions? Figure 1: Human Prion Protein The prion is a protein particle that is highly infectious and is responsible for many diseases that can cause brain damage. The term was first introduced in 1982 by Stanley B. Prusiner. The ... Read More

Introduction Treatment is essential in defining cures for the diseases that are responsible for infecting an individual. The microbes on entering the body of an individual, survive through the process that is predominantly biochemical as they tend to lack any cellular mechanism. However, the intake of medicines helps in curing the disease within the infected person. The medicines tend to cease the synthesis of the bacteria by blocking the pathway. However, the medicine does not affect the cells of the infected person. What is Treatment? The notion of treatment is quite necessary and is applicable when an individual is affected ... Read More

Introduction The notion of prevention refers to an action that ceases or stops something from its occurrence. In the field of medical treatment, it is understood that prevention refers to protecting an individual from occurrences of any kind of disease. In dealing with the Principles of Prevention, it is quite essential to understand the Principles of Control as prevention determines one of the actions of control. However, the action of controlling is vital and constitutes varied methods, procedures as well as principles. Defining Principles of Prevention From the earlier times in the notion of medical science and for treatment purposes, ... Read More

Introduction Genetics is the most essential study in the biology that refers to the process of understanding the available attributes of distinguishing factors and similarities in a species. Both variation and inheritance are connected with genetics in biology. Due to inheritance, different traits or characteristics are transferred among species whereas due to the variation, different characteristics can be distinguished and determined in different living beings. Incomplete Dominance Figure 1: Incomplete dominance The situation when neither two alleles are dominant and the phenotype of the heterozygote does not correspond to any of the parents is known as incomplete dominance. The ... Read More