The rgl package is specifically designed to create real-time interactive 3D plots and we can create two 3d plots using plot3d function of this package. Also, these plots can be viewed in the R console at a single point of time with the help of open3d() function.ExampleLoading rgl package:Example> library(rgl) > x y z plot3d(x,y,z)OutputExample> open3d() wgl 12 > plot3d(x,y,z,col=rainbow(5))Output

The list elements of two lists cannot be added directly but we can do this addition by unlisting the elements. To do this, we would need to use lapply function. For example, if we have two lists defined as x and y then the sum of the elements in these lists can be calculated as follows:Examplelapply(seq_along(x), function(i) unlist(x[i])+unlist(y[i]))Example1Live Demo> x1 x1Output[[1]] [1] 0 3 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 [38] ... Read More

If a list has the same length of elements (not sub-elements) as the length of each vector for which we want to create the data frame then we first need to create the data frame of vectors then we can easily add the list into the data frame. But if we have a list and other vectors then data frame cannot be created as data.frame function will read each value of the list separately.ExampleLive Demo> df1 df1Output   x y 1  6 1 2  8 1 3  6 2 4  8 1 5  5 1 6  3 1 7  6 1 ... Read More

A horizontal line in a histogram is not much useful but we might want to create it in some situations such as where we want to display a specific value on the Y-axis that helps us to differentiate in the density of frequencies above or below a certain value. To create a horizontal line in a histogram, we simply need to use abline function as shown in the below exampleExample> x hist(x) > abline(h=100)OutputExample> abline(h=100,col="blue")OutputExample> abline(h=100,col="blue",lwd=5)Output

To display the superscript in a base R plot, we would need to use expression function inside text function. For example, if we want to display X-square inside a blank plot in base R then we can use the below code:plot(1:10,type="n") text(2,2,expression(X^2))Example1> plot(1:10,type="n") > text(2,2,expression(X^2==4))Output:Example2> text(5,5,expression(X^5==Center))Output:Example3> text(9,9,expression(Squared^2))Output:

The column values of an R data frame can be easily extracted by subsetting with single square brackets but if we want to extract the column values that match a pattern then we need to use grepl function inside single square brackets, this will help us to match the pattern of the values in the data frame columns.ExampleConsider the below data frame:Live Demo> set.seed(271) > x1 x2 df1 df1Output x1 x2 1 A242 B71 2 A123 B71 3 A242 B81 4 A242 B87 5 A123 B71 6 A321 B71 7 ... Read More

To create a sphere, we can use spheres3d function of rgl package. The rgl package is specifically designed to create real-time interactive 3D plots. If we want to create a sphere then we need to pass the values for the three axes and the radius of the sphere. We can also change the color of the sphere by introducing color argument inside spheres3d function.Example1Loading rgl package and creating a sphere:> library(rgl) > spheres3d(x=1,y=1,z=1,radius=1)Output:Example2> spheres3d(0,0,0,radius=1,color="blue")Output:Example3> spheres3d(0,0,0,radius=1,color="red")Output:

Suppose we have a binary tree representing a game state of a two player game. Every internal node is filled with 0 and the leaves values represent the end score. Player 1 wants to maximize the end score while player 2 wants to minimize the end score. Player 1 will always make moves on nodes at even levels and player 2 will always make moves on odd levels. We have to fill in the binary tree with the resulting scores assuming both of players play optimally.So, if the input is likethen the output will beTo solve this, we will follow ... Read More

Suppose we have a list of numbers called nums and two values x and y, we have to find the maximum sum of two non-overlapping sublists in nums which have lengths x and y.So, if the input is like nums = [3, 2, 10, -2, 7, 6] x = 3 y = 1, then the output will be 22, as the sublist with length 3 we select [3, 2, 10] and for the other we select [7].To solve this, we will follow these steps −P := a list with single element 0for each x in A, doinsert (last element of ... Read More

Suppose we have a list of numbers called nums and another value k. We have to find the maximum sum of elements that we can delete, given that we must pop exactly k times, where each pop can be from the left or the right end.So, if the input is like nums = [2, 4, 5, 3, 1] k = 2, then the output will be 6, as we can delete 2 and the 4.To solve this, we will follow these steps −window := sum of all numbers from index 0 through k - 1ans := windowfor i in range ... Read More