Programming Articles - Page 1277 of 3363

In this post, we will understand the difference between the ‘for’ and the ‘while’ loop.For loopThe initialization, condition checking, and the iteration statements are written at the beginning of the loop.It is used only when the number of iterations is known beforehand.If the condition is not mentioned in the 'for' loop, then the loop iterates infinite number of times.The initialization is done only once, and it is never repeated.The iteration statement is written at the beginning.Hence, it executes once all statements in loop have been executed.Examplefor(initialization; condition; iteration){ //body of the 'for' loop }Following is the flowchart ... Read More

In C++, both structures (struct) and classes (class) are user-defined data types, where they both give access to group different data elements (variables) and functions together. However, they still possess a few differences between them. In this article, we will see and go through its differences. Structure (struct) The struct is a user-defined data type, which allows the grouping of variables of different data types, with the members being public by default. This is commonly used to represent simple data structures, where encapsulation is not necessary. A struct can contain data members and member functions, but its primary use is ... Read More

Linked List Representation Linked lists use dynamic memory allocation, allowing them to grow and shrink as needed. They are defined as a collection of nodes, each containing two parts: data and a link. A linked list is a linear data structure where each element is known as a node, is connected to the next one using pointers. Unlike arrays, elements of a linked list are stored in random memory locations. The representation of data, links, and linked lists is shown below − Representation of node - Representation of Linked List -      Insertion Insertion operations in a linked list ... Read More

Stack is a linear data structure, that allows elements to be added and removed in a last-in, first-out(LIFO). The main operations are − Push Pop Display The Push Operation A stack adds a new item on top. A stack overflow occurs when the stack is full and cannot specify more items. Given below is an algorithm for Push() − Check for stack overflow. if (top = = n-1) printf("stack over flow"); Otherwise, insert an element into the stack. top ++ a[top] = item The ... Read More

Stack is a linear data structure, where data is inserted and removed only at one end.AlgorithmsGiven below is an algorithm for Push ( ) −Check for stack overflow.if (top = = n-1) printf("stack over flow");Otherwise, insert an element into the stack.top ++ a[top] = itemGiven below is an algorithm for Pop ( ) −Check for stack underflow.if (top = = -1) printf("stack under flow");Otherwise, delete an element from the stack.item = a[top] top --Given below is an algorithm for Display ( ) −if (top == -1) printf ("stack is empty");Otherwise, follow the below mentioned algorithm.for (i=0; i

Data structure is collection of data organized in a structured way. It is divided into two types as explained below −Linear data structure − Data is organized in a linear fashion. For example, arrays, structures, stacks, queues, linked lists.Nonlinear data structure − Data is organized in a hierarchical way. For example, Trees, graphs, sets, tables.QueueIt is a linear data structure, where the insertion is done at rear end and the deletion is done at the front end.The order of queue is FIFO – First In First OutOperationsInsert – Inserting an element into a queue.Delete – Deleting an element from the ... Read More

In computer programming, Inheritance and Polymorphism are two important concepts. The most basic difference between inheritance and polymorphism is that "inheritance" is a concept of objectoriented programming that allows creating a new class with the help of the features of an existing class, whereas the concept "polymorphism" represents multiple forms of a single function. Read this article to learn more about Inheritance and Polymorphism and how they are different from each other. What is Inheritance? Inheritance is a concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that refers to the process by which an object can take on the features of one or ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between pointer and reference.PointerIt can be initialized to any value.It can be initialized any time after its declaration.It can be assigned to point to a NULL value.It can be dereferenced using the ‘*’ operator.It can be changed to point to a different variable of the same type only.Exampleint val = 5; //code// int *p = &val;ReferenceIt has to be initialized when it is declared.It can’t be a NULL value.It can be used by a name.Once it has been initialized to a variable, it can’t be changed to refer to a variable object.Exampleint ... Read More

File is collection of records or is a place on hard disk, where data is stored permanently.Operations on filesThe operations on files in C programming language are as follows −Naming the fileOpening the fileReading from the fileWriting into the fileClosing the fileSyntaxThe syntax for opening a file is as follows −FILE *File pointer;For example, FILE * fptr;The syntax for naming a file is as follows −File pointer = fopen ("File name", "mode");For example, fptr = fopen ("sample.txt", "r"); FILE *fp; fp = fopen ("sample.txt", "w");Error Handling in FilesSome of the errors in files are as follows −Trying to read beyond ... Read More

In this post, we will understand the difference between if-else statement and ‘switch’ statement.If-elseDepending on the expression inside the statement, output would be generated.It uses multiple statements for multiple choices.This statement tests for equality.It can be used to test logical expressions.It can evaluate integer, character, pointer, floating-point type and boolean type.Just one of the ‘if’ or ‘else’ statement gets executed.If the condition inside the ‘if’ statement is false, then the ‘else’ statement is executed if it has been created.It is tough to edit if-else statement, especially if it is nested.SwitchThe statement that needs to be executed is decided by the ... Read More