Found 1304 Articles for MCA

In distance-vector routing (DVR), each router is required to inform the topology changes to its neighboring routers periodically. Historically it is known as the old ARPNET routing algorithm or Bellman-Ford algorithm.How the DVR Protocol WorksIn DVR, each router maintains a routing table. It contains only one entry for each router. It contains two parts − a preferred outgoing line to use for that destination and an estimate of time (delay). Tables are updated by exchanging the information with the neighbor’s nodes.Each router knows the delay in reaching its neighbors (Ex − send echo request).Routers periodically exchange routing tables with each ... Read More

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching is a connection-oriented service. It provides a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. In-circuit switching, a connection setup is required to send and receive data. It has very little chance of data loss and error due to the dedicated circuit, but a lot of bandwidth is wasted because the same path cannot be used by other senders during a congestion. Circuit switching is completely transparent; the sender and receiver can use any bit rate format or framing method.Advantages of Circuit SwitchingIt uses a fixed bandwidth.A dedicated communication channel increases the quality of communication.Data is transmitted ... Read More

Network devices or networking hardware are the physical devices that are used for establishing connections and facilating interaction between different devices in a computer network. Hub Hubs work in the physical layer of the OSI model. A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices and making them act as a single network segment. It has multiple inputs and output ports in which a signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the original incoming port. A hub can be used with both digital and analog data. Hubs do not perform ... Read More

Routing is the process of moving the data across a network from a source to a destination. Routing algorithms are used to decide the route or the output line a packet should be transmitted on. Routing algorithms determine the optimal path to reach a destination.A good routing algorithm should process properties such as correctness, simplicity, robustness, stability, fairness, and optimality.Fixed RoutingFixed routing is used to find a single permanent route for each source-to-destination pair. It determines the routes using a least-cost algorithm and the routes are fixed at least until a change occurs in the network topology.Fixed Routing − ExampleCentral ... Read More

In Computer Networks, Hamming code is used for the set of error-correction codes which may occur when the data is moved from the sender to the receiver. The hamming method corrects the error by finding the state at which the error has occurred.Redundant BitsRedundant bits are extra binary bits that are generated and added to the information-carrying bits of data transfer to ensure that no bits were lost during the data transfer. The redundancy bits are placed at certain calculated positions to eliminate the errors and the distance between the two redundancy bits is called "Hamming Distance".Error Correction Code − ... Read More

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. In DHCP, port number 67 is used for the server and 68 is used for the client.DHCP allows a network administrator to supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically sends a new Internet Protocol (IP) address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network.DHCP is an application layer protocol that provides −Subnet MaskRouter AddressIP AddressDHCP Client-Server Communication DiagramIn ... Read More

MultiplexingMultiplexing is the process of collecting the data from multiple application processes of the sender, enveloping that data with headers and sending them as a whole to the intended receiver.In Multiplexing at the Transport Layer, the data is collected from various application processes. These segments contain the source port number, destination port number, header files, and data.These segments are passed to the Network Layer which adds the source and destination IP address to get the datagram.DemultiplexingDelivering the received segments at the receiver side to the correct app layer processes is called demultiplexing.The destination host receives the IP datagrams; each datagram ... Read More

Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2.ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address.ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some information, the other device will respond/reply with the required information.ARP packets are encapsulated by a link-layer and are distributed only in a specific network. ARP is said to be a link-layer protocol.How Does ARP Work?Before sending an IP packet, the sender must know the destination MAC address.If the MAC address ... Read More

DHCP represents Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a network management protocol that can dynamically assign an IP address to a denial device, or node, on a network so they can connect using IP (Internet Protocol).DHCP automates and centrally handles these configurations. There is no requirement to manually assign IP addresses to new devices. Thus, there is no need for any user configuration to connect to a DHCP-based network.DHCP decreases the chances of common bugs appearing when IP addresses are created manually. It also ensures no two hosts can have similar IP addresses.DHCP act an essential role in handling small ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP).SOAPSOAP represents Simple Object Access Protocol. It is an XML-based protocol for penetrating web services. SOAP is a W3C recommendation for connection between two applications. SOAP is an XML based protocol.It is platform-independent and language-independent. By using SOAP, it will be able to connect with other programming language applications.The SOAP specifications are authorized internet standards, maintained and developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).It is an authorized protocol and it appears with rigid rules and improved security features including built-in ACID compliance and authorization. It needed more bandwidth and ... Read More