TCP/IP signifies transmission control protocol/Internet Protocol. It was created by Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in the late 1970s. It is a collection of communication protocol. It involves collection and methods for managing with packet transport, media access, session interaction, data transfer, email and terminal emulation.The TCP/IP reference model has four layers, as display in the figure −Host to Network LayerThis is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP reference model. The layer functioning is usually different in various relations. The main function of this layer is to instruct the upper layer when the host is linked to ... Read More

There are two essential Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services offered in computer network, which are as follows −Basic Rate Interface (BRI)It consists of 2B + D channels which stand for 2 Bearer medium of 64 kbps each for data and one D channel of 16 Kbps for handshaking and control. It can have a separate track for handshaking and control is known as 'out of band' signaling.Primary Rate Interface (PRI)It consists of 23B + D channels that stand for 23 Bearer medium of 64 kbps each for data and one D medium of 64 Kbps for handshaking control. The ... Read More

In data exchange between devices, communication procedures require to have the following to manage these factors of the exchange procedures −Physical Data EncodingThe data exchanged between two devices are physically transported using electrical signals considering particular coding methods. For two systems to accurately exchange data, they should consistently execute and translate data-carrying electrical signals.MultiplexingThis facilitates a parallel connection for various unconnected conversations.Transmission MediaThese concerns deal with the type of media used (fiber, copper, wireless, etc.), prescribed by the desirable bandwidth, protection to noise, and attenuation properties.Flow ControlThe data Communication procedure assigns memory resources, generally referred to as interaction buffers, to ... Read More

ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is used to bridge the Central Office's local loop and the premise connection (home). ISDN uses the existing wiring so that no new cabling is required. It is a digital service that restores the analog plain old telephone set.An Integrated Digital Network (ISDN) is a network in which digital switching connections are used to transmit digital signals. Integrated Services refers to ISDNs ability to deliver two simultaneous connections, in any merging of data, voice, video and fax, over an individual line. Multiple devices can be connected to the line and sent as ... Read More

A fully interconnected network was limited in this topology by using an individual cable around all nodes. Thus in this topology, only one line is shared by all nodes. Whenever any network transmits a message, it keeps both the sender address and the destination or receiver address as tags.The message rides on the single line, and as the receiver receives the message, it acknowledges in the response of the same message on same on the line along with both addresses. Before sending a message, it is always checked whether the connection line is free or not. If the line is ... Read More

In this topology, every node is connected using a separate physical link. Each computer network has a direct dedicated link, i.e., point to point connection with all other network computers. Each computer has its control and decision power for communication priorities.It is a very reliable topology because any transmission line’s failure only affects the transmission between the two connected computers. The communication or message is high-speed and has mostly a full-duplex mode, but at the same time, a large number of communication lines make the network costly as for nodes lines or links are required.AdvantagesThe advantages of the tree network ... Read More

ARC NET stands for Attached Resources Computing Network. It is the central LAN topology in which coaxial cables are used. It is very similar to a thin net (thin Ethernet) in appearance, but the cable used in it is 93 ohm RG-62 A/U cable which is not interchangeable with the thin net cable.ARC NET is a topology that uses a token passing method. It is an old token-based topology that is rarely used nowadays. ARC NET was developed before the token ring networks, and initially, it used the bus topology to connect the workstations.The network operates at 2.5 Mbps and ... Read More

There are various functions of WAN, which are as follows −Remote Data and Job EntryIt is feasible to introduce the information on the sales and transactions at the sale terminals using WANs. It is also possible to centralize this information in a computer for processing or broadcasting purposes. For example, supermarkets in different cities linked through WANs can transmit all sales information from their remote sale centers. The central purchase and distribution center can supervise all the sale figures on a regular daily basis.Centralizing InformationIt is convenient for a business to centralize regional information. For example, auto-parts dealers can help ... Read More

RF can travel through air or space but require specific transmitting and receiving mechanisms. It has frequencies between 10 kHz to 14 kHz. In VLF (very low frequency), LF (Low Frequency), and MF (Medium Frequency) bands, radio waves follow ground waves.AM radio broadcasting uses the MF band. Radio waves in these bands pass through the building quickly. HF (High Frequency) and VHF (Very High Frequency) tend to be absorbed by the earth, but these waves travel through the Ionosphere. These waves are refracted by it and sent back to earth. The military communicates in HF and VHF bands.AdvantagesIt is easy ... Read More

VSAT represents a Very Small Aperture Terminal. It is a two-way satellite ground terminal with a dish wire that is lower than 3 meters. It is generally used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling) or broadband information (for the provision of satellite internet access to remote areas, VOIP or video). It is also used for mobile communications.Features of VSATBand L has a Bandwidth of 15 MHz where Downlink frequency is 1.5 GHz, and Uplink frequency is 1.6 GHz. For Band S, Bandwidth is 70 MHz where Downlink is 1.9 GHz, and Uplink is ... Read More