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Context Switching involves storing the context or state of a process so that it can be reloaded when required and execution can be resumed from the same point as earlier. This is a feature of a multitasking operating system and allows a single CPU to be shared by multiple processes.A diagram that demonstrates context switching is as follows −In the above diagram, initially Process 1 is running. Process 1 is switched out and Process 2 is switched in because of an interrupt or a system call. Context switching involves saving the state of Process 1 into PCB1 and loading the ... Read More
In System Design, there are two types of approaches followed namely, the Bottom-Up Model and the Top-Down Model. The bottom-up model is one in which the different parts of a system are designed and developed and then all these parts are connected together as a single unit. On the other hand, the top-down model is one in which the whole system is decomposed into smaller sub-components, then each of these parts are designed and developed till the completed system is designed. Read this article to find out more about the bottom-up model and the top-down model of system ... Read More
Operating Systems have evolved over the years. So, their evolution through the years can be mapped using generations of operating systems. There are four generations of operating systems. These can be described as follows −The First Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and PlugboardsDigital computers were not constructed until the second world war. Calculating engines with mechanical relays were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays were very slow and were later replaced with vacuum tubes. These machines were enormous but were still very slow.These early computers were designed, built and maintained by a single group of ... Read More
The type of materials whose conductivity is greater than insulators but less than conductors are known as semiconductor materials. In other words, a material is said to be semiconductor, if it has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. The semiconductor materials are broadly classified into two categories viz. intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors.Extrinsic semiconductors are further classified into two types as −P-Types SemiconductorN-Type SemiconductorIn this article, we will compare the P-type and N-type semiconductors by considering various factors such as type of impurity added, nature of doping, majority charge carriers, density of charge carriers, fermi level, etc. But, before going ... Read More
In this tutorial, we will learn how to pad a number with leading zeros in JavaScript. Padding a number can be done in different ways in JavaScript. In this tutorial, we will see the two most popular ways of doing it − Using the String padStart() method Using the Array object constructor and join() method Using the String padStart() Method In JavaScript, the String object’s padStart() method is useful to pad a number with leading zeros. It takes two parameters, the first one is the total length of the targeted or desired string, and the other one is ... Read More
Microsoft Office's multiple programmes smoothly interface with one another, allowing users to automate procedures and boost productivity. We'll look at a short but efficient method for opening a specific Word document from an Excel spreadsheet in this tutorial. Whether you're a professional managing data or a student working on a project, your productivity can be substantially accelerated by your ability to properly link and retrieve essential information. Throughout this course, we'll assume that you have a basic familiarity of Word and Excel. You will be guided step-by-step through the process while receiving code samples and explanations along the way. ... Read More
Working with several file formats and switching between them easily in the digital era of today is essential for effective data management and communication. You've come to the perfect place if you routinely work with Excel spreadsheets and need to link to particular pages in PDF documents. This tutorial will show you how to create hyperlinks in Excel that will instantly access a certain page of a PDF file. You may improve your workflow and save time and effort when accessing important information by following these detailed guidelines. It's crucial to note that this course presupposes a basic familiarity with ... Read More
Excel is an effective application that enables both individuals and businesses to easily manage and analyse data. The majority of us are comfortable creating and updating workbooks in Excel, but what happens when you need to retrieve a closed workbook that you've already saved? It may appear difficult to open a closed worksheet, especially if you're unfamiliar with Excel or haven't used this feature before. However, do not worry! In this lesson, we'll walk you through each step of opening a closed workbook in Excel so you have the knowledge and abilities to quickly access your crucial data and discover ... Read More
It might be difficult to show the important information without extraneous clutter when working with large or sophisticated spreadsheets. With Excel's helpful "Print Area" tool, you can choose a precise range of cells to print while eliminating any extraneous data outside of that area. We will investigate how to define and show the print area in Excel in this tutorial. By printing only the desired content, you can more effectively convey your data by following these straightforward guidelines. This method can help you speed up the process and increase your productivity whether you need to produce expert reports, presentations, or ... Read More
Excel is a strong tool with a wide range of features and capabilities to improve your data analysis and visualisation. Working with numerical data frequently involves the requirement to display only positive integers, eliminating any negative values or zero. Filtering away negative values will help you concentrate on the data that counts most, whether you're creating a financial report, studying sales statistics, or conducting any other type of numerical analysis. We'll walk you through how to display just positive integers in Excel in this article. The range of cells can be formatted to fulfil the assignment. By the end of ... Read More