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Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. In contrast to CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) that deals with collisions after their occurrence, CSMA/CA prevents collisions prior to their occurrence.AlgorithmThe algorithm of CSMA/CA is:When a frame is ready, the transmitting station checks whether the channel is idle or busy.If the channel is busy, the station waits until the channel becomes idle.If the channel is idle, the station waits for an Inter-frame gap (IFG) amount of time and then sends the frame.After sending the ... Read More
The network layer design issues contain the services position to the transport layer, routing packets over the subnet, congestion control, and connection of multiple networks together.The design issues of the network layer are as follows −It is the network layer's goals to support logical services to several users linked to multiple networks. Hence, the services supported should be autonomous of the basic technology. In this way, the client's use of the service requires inconvenience with the network's physical execution to send their messages.The transport layer at the host device should not require knowing how the broadcasting connection with the destination ... Read More
The sorting string is to arrange strings in the dictionary or alphabetical order. It is usual to sort the array of strings while developing applications using JavaScript. In this tutorial, we will learn to sort strings in JavaScript. For example, string sorting is very useful here if you got some data from the API and want to show that data in the sorted order. Here, we will learn to sort strings using the built-in methods and various naïve approaches. Use the sort() method to sort strings In JavaScript, sort() is the built-in method we can use with the array. Generally, ... Read More
String Library functionsThe predefined functions which are designed to handle strings are available in the library string.h. They are −strlen ()strcmp ()strcpy ()strncmp ()strncpy ()strrev ()strcat ()strstr ()strncat ()The strlen () functionIt returns the number of characters in a string.Syntaxint strlen (string name)Example#include main (){ char a[30] = “Hello”; int l; l = strlen (a); printf (“length of the string = %d”, l); getch (); }Outputlength of the string = 5The strcpy () functionIt is for copying source string into destination string.The length of the destination string >= source string.Syntaxstrcpy (Destination string, Source String);For ... Read More
Actually, there is no single function in MySQL to capitalize only first letter of the string. We need to use nesting of functions and for this case, we can use UPPER() and LOWER() with SUBSTRING() functions. To understand it, we are using data, given as below, from ‘emp_tbl’.mysql> Select * from emp_tbl; +----+----------------+ | Id | Name | +----+----------------+ | 1 | rahul singh | | 2 | gaurav kumar | | 3 | yashpal sharma | | 4 | krishan kumar | | 5 | kuldeep rai | | 6 | ... Read More
The End of the File (EOF) indicates the end of input.After we enter the text, if we press CTRL+Z, the text terminates i.e. it indicates the file reached end nothing to read.AlgorithmRefer to the algorithm given below for EOF.Step 1: Open file in write mode. Step 2: Until character reaches end of the file, write each character in filepointer. Step 3: Close file. Step 4: Again open file in read mode. Step 5: Reading the character from file until fp equals to EOF. Step 5: Print character on console. Step 6: Close file.ExampleFollowing is the C program for End of ... Read More
Sometimes, handling events in a Tkinter application can become a daunting task for us. We have to manage the action and events which need to be executed at the time of running the application. The Button widget is useful for handling such events. We can use Button widget to perform a certain task or event by passing the callback in the command.While giving the command to the Button widget, we can have an optional lambda or anonymous functions which interpret to ignore any errors in the program. These are just like a general function but they don't have any function ... Read More
The 8255 is a general purpose programmable IO device. It is designed to interface the CPU with some external devices like ADC, DAC, keyboard etc. We can program the device according to the given condition.There are three 8-bit bi-directional IO ports. The Port-A, Port-B, and Port-C. These ports are assigned as input or output port.The block diagram of 8255 is like this:There are two different modes of 8255. These modes are:Bit Set Reset (BSR) ModeInput/ Output ModeBit Set Reset (BSR) ModeThis mode is used to set or reset the bits of the Port-C only. For BSR mode always D7 will ... Read More
Before working on the difference between all three schedulers, let us recall the concept of process scheduler.Process scheduler is a part of the Operating system which schedules the process. If the process is in ready, waiting and running state it schedules it correctly and is also responsible for the allocation of the CPU processor to a specific task within a time interval.Also, when the task or process is completed it doesn't allow the CPU to sit idle. It will allocate the other task depending on its current state. If the process was in ready state it will allocate it to ... Read More
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) is latest long-term support release of Ubuntu, which means that it will be supported for five years with security updates and bug fixes. If you have just installed Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, congratulations! You are now ready to explore world of Ubuntu and take advantage of its many features and tools. In this article, we will discuss 20 things that you can do after installing Ubuntu 22.04 LTS to make most of your new operating system. These include customizing your desktop, installing new software, configuring your system settings, and more. Update Your System The first thing ... Read More