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The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet. It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model.The main functions of the internet layer are −It transmits data packets to the link layer.It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal route.It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination.It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data packets.The protocols used in this layer are −Internet Protocol, IP − It is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that provides a ... Read More
Similar to the if statement syntax, if your while clause consists only of a single statement, it may be placed on the same line as the while header. Here are the syntax and example of a one-line for loop:for i in range(5): print(i)This will give the output:0 1 2 3 4
No, You can't modify a range once it is created. Instead what you can do is use a while loop instead. For example, if you have some code like:for i in range(lower_limit, higher_limit, step_size):# some code if i == 10: higher_limit = higher_limit + 5You can change it to:i = lower_limit while i < higher_limit: # some code if i == 10: higher_limit = higher_limit + 5 i += step_size
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions agreed upon and followed by the communicating entities for data communication. A protocol outlines the what, how and when of a communication.The three aspects of a protocol are −Syntax − It defines the format of data that is to be sent or received.Semantics − It defines the meaning of each section of bits that are transferred.Timings − It defines the time at which data is transferred as well as the speed at which it is transferred.Protocol HierarchiesMost networks are organized as a stack of layers, one on the top of another. ... Read More
A connection-oriented service is one that establishes a dedicated connection between the communicating entities before data communication commences. It is modeled after the telephone system. To use a connection-oriented service, the user first establishes a connection, uses it and then releases it. In connection-oriented services, the data streams/packets are delivered to the receiver in the same order in which they have been sent by the sender.Connection-oriented services may be done in either of the following ways −Circuit-switched connection: In circuit switching, a dedicated physical path or a circuit is established between the communicating nodes and then data stream is transferred.Virtual circuit-switched ... Read More
There are multiple variations of generating triangle using numbers in Python. Let's look at the 2 simplest forms:for i in range(5): for j in range(i + 1): print(j + 1, end="") print("")This will give the output:1 12 123 1234 12345You can also print numbers continuously using:start = 1 for i in range(5): for j in range(i + 1): print(start, end=" ") start += 1 print("")This will give the output:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15You can also print these numbers in reverse using:start = 15 for i in range(5): for j in range(i + 1): print(start, end=" ") start -= 1 print("")This will give the output:15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A Connectionless service is a data communication between two nodes where the sender sends data without ensuring whether the receiver is available to receive the data. Here, each data packet has the destination address and is routed independently irrespective of the other packets. Thus the data packets may follow different paths to reach the destination. There’s no need to setup connection before sending a message and relinquish it after the message has been sent. The data packets in a connectionless service are usually called datagrams.Protocols for connectionless services are −Internet Protocol (IP)User Datagram Protocol (UDP)Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)Connectionless services ... Read More
In computer networks, reference models give a conceptual framework that standardizes communication between heterogeneous networks.The two popular reference models are −OSI ModelTCP/IP Protocol SuiteOSI ModelOSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It gives a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communication should be done between heterogeneous systems. It has seven interconnected layers.The seven layers of the OSI Model are a physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. The hierarchy is depicted in the following figure −TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITETCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, while ... Read More
You will need to use a multiprocessing library. You will need to spawn a new process and provide the code to it as an argument. For example,from multiprocessing import Processdef loop_a(): for i in range(5): print("a") def loop_b(): for i in range(5): print("b") Process(target=loop_a).start() Process(target=loop_b).start()This might process different outputs at different times. This is because we don't know which print will be executed when.
The data link layer (Layer 2) converts the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer to a reliable and error-free link.The main functions of the data link layer are as follows −It breaks up the stream of bits into data frames having sizes from a few hundred to a few thousand bytes.It ensures distribution of the frames to the different systems. For this, it adds a header to the frame containing the address of the sender and the receiver.In case of reliable connection, this layer ensures that the receiver sends an acknowledgement frame. In absence of acknowledgement frames, frame ... Read More