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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to multiply corresponding values from two matrices in R?
To multiply corresponding values from two matrices in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create two matrices.Then, use mapply function to multiply corresponding values from those two matrices.ExampleCreate the first matrixLet’s create a matrix as shown below −M1
Read MoreIncrease the space between facets in a facetted plot created using ggplot2 in R.
To increase the space between facets in a facetted plot created by using ggplot2 in R, we can use theme function with panel.spacing argument.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say X, Y and F where F is a factor column then we can create facetted scatterplots having facets spaced at a larger distance between X and Y for values in F by using the command given below −ggplot(df, aes(X, Y))+geom_point()+facet_wrap(~F)+theme(panel.spacing=unit(1, "lines"))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −IV
Read MoreChange the color of legend element border using ggplot2 in R.
To change the color legend element border using ggplot2, we can use theme function where can put color in legend.key argument to desired color with element_rect.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say X and Y and F where X and Y are numerical and F is categorical then we can create scatterplot between X and Y with blue color of legend element border by using the command given below −ggplot(df, aes(IV, DV))+geom_point(aes(colour=factor(Class)))+theme(legend.key=element_rect(colour="red"))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −IV
Read MoreRemove grey color from legend display using ggplot2 in R.
To remove grey color from legend display using ggplot2, we can use theme function where we can fill legend.key argument to white with element_rect.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say X and Y and F where X and Y are numerical and F is categorical then we can create scatterplot between X and Y without grey color in legend display by using the command given below −ggplot(df, aes(X, Y))+geom_point(aes(colour=factor(F)))+theme(legend.key=element_rect(fill="white"))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
Read MoreHow to find the square root of each value in columns if some columns are categorical in R data frame?
To find the square root of each value in columns if some columns are categorical in R data frame, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use numcolwise function from plyr package to find the square root of each value in columns if some columns are categorical.ExampleCreate the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Level
Read MoreHow to cover legend in a box using ggplot2 in R?
To cover legend in a box using ggplot2 in R, we can use theme function with legend.box.background and legend.box.margin argument. The legend.box.background will have a rectangular element with the help of element_rect and margin values will be set in legend.box.margin.Check out the Example given below to understand how it can be done.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −Score
Read MoreHow to find the column minimum if some columns are categorical in R data frame?
To find the column minimum if some columns are categorical in R data frame, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use numcolwise function from plyr package to find the column minimum if some columns are categorical.ExampleCreate the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Group
Read MoreHow to display legend on top using ggplot2 in R?
To display legend on top using ggplot2 in R, we can use theme function with legend.justification argument to top.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say X and Y and F where X and Y are numerical and F is categorical then we can create scatterplot between X and Y with point colored by values in F by using the command given below −ggplot(df,aes(X,Y))+geom_point(aes(colour=factor(F)))+theme(legend.justification="top")ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
Read MoreHow to change the text size of Y-axis title using ggplot2 in R?
By default, the text size of axes titles are small but if we want to increase that size so that people can easily recognize them then theme function can be used where we can use axis.title.y argument for Y-axis and axis.title.x argument for X-axis with element_text size to larger value.Check out the Example given below to understand how it can be done.ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −Country
Read MoreHow to increase the axes tick width using ggplot2 in R?
To increase the width of axes tick (both X-axis and Y-axis at the same time) using ggplot2 in R, we can use theme function with axis.ticks argument where we can set element_line argument size to a larger value.For Example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a single column X and we want to create histogram of X with wider axes ticks then we can use the command given below −ggplot(df,aes(X))+geom_histogram(bins=30)+theme(axis.ticks=element_line(size=2))ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
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