Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Tkinter comes with a handy built-in functionality to handle common text and images related objects. A label widget annotates the user interface with text and images. We can provide any text or images to the label widget so that it displays in the application window.Let us suppose that for a particular application, we need to update the label widget. A label widget is a container that can have either text of image. In the following example, we will update the label image by configuring a button.Example#Import the required library from tkinter import * from PIL import Image, ImageTk from tkinter ... Read More
Horizontal integration is a process when a company acquires/merges/takes over another company, who are in the same product line or its competitor.Company will go for horizontal integration to increase its size and capacity, to reduce its risk and competition, increase its market share and to expand its geographical area.ReasonsThe reasons to opt for horizontal integration are as follows −Growth in industry.Due to lack of expertise.To manage operations effectively.AdvantagesThe advantages of horizontal integration are as follows −Increase in product features and market reach.Increase its global presence.Cost reduction.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of horizontal integration are as follows −Legal restrictions (depends on country legal laws).No ... Read More
When instruction arrives at an empty reservation station, the superscalar processor follows two different approaches as shown in the figure. The straightforward approach is to process is an instruction in the same way as with a partially filled reservation station. However, entering instructions have to stay for at least one cycle in the empty station before they are dispatched. The Nx586 is an example of a processor that treats an empty reservation station in this way.A more advanced approach for treating empty reservation stations is the use of bypasses. Here some additional circuitry permits instructions to bypass an empty station ... Read More
The availability of operands has to be checked in two scenarios such as when the operands are fetched from the register file, a scheme is needed to check whether requested contents are available in the register file. A similar scheme is needed during instruction dispatch to check whether all the operands of the instructions held in the shelving buffers are available.The term scoreboard was introduced in connection with CDC 6600 (1964) to denote the complex circuitry used in this processor for controlling parallel operation. The figure shows the principle of scoreboarding.The scoreboard is a status register consisting of one-bit entries. ... Read More
Unlike individual reservation stations, a group or central reservation station, or a DRIS must be efficient in dispatching higher than one instruction in each cycle. In these cases, the design space needs an additional component that determines how many instructions can be dispatched from each of the reservation stations or the DRIS per cycle. This component is called dispatch rate.A shelving buffer must be capable of dispatching one instruction to any EU connected to it in each cycle. This is easier to achieve for group stations with two to three EUs than for a central station or a DRIS with ... Read More
The dispatch policy specifies how instructions are selected for execution and how to dispatch blockages are handled. The dispatch policy can be considered as a scheduling policy consisting of the components specified as shown in the figure.Selection Rule − The selection rule specifies when instructions are considered executable. Let us take it for granted that renaming is employed and unresolved conditional transfer instructions are managed by speculative branch processing.Arbitration Rule − It can also need an arbitration rule for the case when more instructions are eligible for execution that can be disseminated in the next cycle. Most processors use a ... Read More
There are two types of operands fetch policies such as issue bound or dispatch bound. The issue-bound fetch policy defines that operands are fetched during instruction issues. In this method, shelving buffers influence instructions with their operand values, needing that the buffers be fully long to support space for all the source operands.The other basic operand fetch policy is the dispatch bound fetch policy, when operands are fetched during dispatching. In this case, shelving buffers contain short register identifiers instead of long operands.The issue bound fetch policyIn this case, while issuing the instructions, the referenced source register numbers are forwarded ... Read More
Shelving buffers have three major aspects such as the type and capacity of the buffers used and the number of their read and write ports, as shown in the figure.Types of shelving buffersThere are two generic types of shelving buffers such as standalone shelving buffers and combined buffers which are used for shelving, renaming, and reordering as shown in the figure.In most cases shelving buffers are implemented as standalone shelving buffers, that is, buffers that are utilized particularly for shelving. This type of shelving buffer is usually designated reservation stations. In the superscalar processor, reservation stations are executed using three ... Read More
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. You can divide up your code into separate functions.Functions help in reducing the code redundancy and at the same time they make the code much more readable and less error prone.In Lua, we declare functions with the help of the function keyword and then, we can invoke(call) the functions just by writing a pair of parentheses followed by the functions name.ExampleConsider the example shown below − Live Demofunction add(a, b) -- declaring the function return a + b end result = add(1, 2) -- calling the function print(result) ... Read More
We can create standalone Lua executables with the help of the third party packages like srlua.srlua does a perfect job in converting a Lua script file into an executable, and we can do it on both the major platforms, whether that is the windows or the Unix based systems.Let’s first learn how to do it on a Windows system.Consider the steps mentioned below as a reference −First, visit the github link of the srlua project. Please click the following link. After that, you need to clone the repository on your local windows machine with this command −git clone https://github.com/LuaDist/srlua.gitIt should ... Read More