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To create violin plot for categories with grey color palette using ggplot2, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, create the violin plot for categories with default color of violins.Create the violin plot for categories with color of violins in grey palette.Creating the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demo> Group Score df dfOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) − Group Score 1 Second 405 2 Third 947 3 First 78 ... Read More
To divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use apply function to divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation.Creating the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demo> x y df dfOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) − x y 1 1.48 0.86 2 -0.14 -0.58 3 -0.25 1.22 4 0.18 0.25 5 0.50 0.68 6 -1.34 ... Read More
To subtract column values from column means in R data frame, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, find the column means using colMeans function.After that, subtract column values from column means.Creating the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demo> x1 x2 x3 df dfOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) − x1 x2 x3 1 54 73 57 2 79 52 92 3 87 51 47 4 13 12 1 5 70 90 19 6 15 99 ... Read More
We are given two vectors let’s say vector A and vector B containing x, y, and directions, and the task is to find the cross product and dot product of the two given vector arrays.What is a vector?In mathematics, a quantity that has a magnitude and a direction is known as a vector whereas a quantity that has only one value as magnitude is known as a scalar. The point from where the vector starts is known as the initial point and the point where the vector ends is known as the terminal point. The distance between the initial point ... Read More
Compounding is a process of calculating interesting rates. Unlike simple interest rates where interest rates remain the same over a period, in the case of compound interest, the interest rate goes on increasing with passing time. In the case of compounding, therefore, the wealth grows at a faster rate than in the case of simple interest.For example, a person who has invested INR 100 in a project where the interest rate is 10% would get INR 110 at the end of the first year. At the end of the second year, he should get returns for the amount of INR ... Read More
Mutual funds are of various nature depending on the needs and requirements of investors. However, the most common factor that separates them is their risk appetite. The riskier firms offer better returns on investment while the less risky ones provide fewer returns.There are predominantly two types of funds: Debt Funds and Equity Funds.Debt FundsDebt funds usually invest the cumulative investment of the investors in money market instruments. Some examples of money market instruments are Treasury bills, G-Secs, Non-convertible debentures, and Commercial Papers, etc. Debt funds have much lesser risk than equity funds but their return is low too.Equity FundsThese funds ... Read More
A Capital Market is a place where investors and borrowers deal with each other. So, a finance manager must be aware of the markets. The value of securities and how they're traded in the markets should also be in the knowledge of the manager.Capital markets are where the securities are traded and companies can invest in prospective companies that have chances to become successful in the future. However, although it might sound easy, it is a complex process altogether.Note − Capital Markets can provide good returns on investment but no one can guess it 100% right.It is complex because no ... Read More
The conflict between the managers and shareholders of a company is known as the Agency Problem. Agency problems may have a variety of reasons but the most common reason for such a problem to arise is due to the lack of interest in shareholder's wealth maximization.Shareholders usually invest in a company to gain the most profits and an organization that fails to provide value is deemed unsuccessful. The reasons for failing in meeting shareholders' requirements despite having profit may be due to the self-interest of managers. In such cases, the shareholders should get priority.Stakeholders BenefitsModern companies usually pay more attention ... Read More
The decisions that the management of an organization needs to take regarding the payout of dividends are known as Dividend Decisions. The companies usually want to maximize shareholders' wealth and hence a distribution policy of maximum dividend payout is required. However, if the company pays out all the profits, it may face cash constraints in the future. So, sustained earning is also necessary.Looking at all these factors, a company needs to depend on the following factors to build a good dividend policy.Note − A good dividend policy establishes faith in the shareholders' minds.Considerations for Creating a Good Dividend PolicyCash Requirements ... Read More
In business practices, finance-related functions and management-related functions usually overlap each other. The finance function and the management function go hand-in-hand in most cases. For example, the Operations Managers looking to install a new machine (the Management Function) must get the money which is part of the Finance Function.Usually, the finance function is the backbone of all management functions.Without financial functions, most and marketing operations will become redundant. Still, there is a fine line that separates management functions and financial functions. However, it is more important to study the overlapping situation than to look at the differences.Note − Financial and ... Read More