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Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is different from the transmitted signal. As we know, a signal can be transmitted as Analog signal or it can be transmitted as a digital signal.In Analog signals due to transmission impairment the resulting received signal gets different amplitude or the shape. In the case of digitally transmitted signals at the receiver side we get changes in bits (0's or 1's).CausesThere are various causes of transmission impairments, which are as follows −NoiseDelay DistortionAttenuation DistortionLet us discuss Attenuation Distortion.Attenuation DistortionAttenuation is generally decreased in signal strength, by which the received signal will be difficult ... Read More
When it is required to assign an alphabet to every element of an integer list, the ‘ascii_lowercase’ method, and the list comprehension are used.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −import string my_list = [11, 51, 32, 45, 21, 66, 12, 58, 90, 0] print("The list is : " ) print(my_list) print("The list after sorting is : " ) my_list.sort() print(my_list) temp_val = {} my_counter = 0 for element in my_list: if element in temp_val: continue temp_val[element] = string.ascii_lowercase[my_counter] my_counter ... Read More
When it is required to get the dictionaries with unique value lists, the ‘set’ operator and the list methods are used, along with a simple iteration.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −my_dictionary = [{'Python' : 11, 'is' : 22}, {'fun' : 11, 'to' : 33}, {'learn' : 22}, {'object':9}, {'oriented':11}] print("The dictionary is : " ) print(my_dictionary) my_result = list(set(value for element in my_dictionary for value in element.values())) print("The resultant list is : ") print(my_result) print("The resultant list after sorting is : ") my_result.sort() print(my_result)OutputThe dictionary is : [{'Python': 11, 'is': 22}, {'fun': 11, 'to': ... Read More
When it is required to get the mean of the matrix elements, the ‘mean’ method from the ‘Numpy’ package is used after it has been imported into the environment.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −import numpy as np my_matrix = np.matrix('[24, 41; 35, 25]') print("The matrix is : " ) print(my_matrix) my_result = my_matrix.mean() print("The result is : ") print(my_result)OutputThe matrix is : [[24 41] [35 25]] The result is : 31.25ExplanationThe required packages are imported into the environment.A matrix is created using the Numpy package.It is displayed on the console.The mean of the matrix is ... Read More
When it is required to extract the value of key if the key is present in the list as well as the dictionary, a simple iteration and the ‘all’ operator are used.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −my_list = ["Python", "is", "fun", "to", "learn", "and", "teach", 'cool', 'object', 'oriented'] my_dictionary = {"Python" : 2, "fun" : 4, "learn" : 6} K = "Python" print("The value of K is ") print(K) print("The list is : " ) print(my_list) print("The dictionary is : " ) print(my_dictionary) my_result = None if all(K in sub for sub in ... Read More
When it is required to sort the list of dictionary based on the key’s ‘i’th index value, the ‘sorted’ method and the lambda methods are used.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −my_list = [{"Python" : "Best", "to" : "Code"}, {"Python" : "Good", "to" : "Learn"}, {"Python" : "object", "to" : "cool"}, {"Python" : "oriented", "to" : "language"}] print("The list is : " ) print(my_list) K = "Python" print("The value of K is ") print(K) i = 2 print("The value of i is :") print(i) my_result = ... Read More
When it is required to check if the splits in a string are equal, the ‘len’ method, ‘list’ method and the ‘set’ operator are used along with an ‘if’ condition.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −my_string = '96%96%96%96%96%96' print("The string is : " ) print(my_string) my_split_char = "%" print("The character on which the string should be split is :") print(my_split_char) my_result = len(list(set(my_string.split(my_split_char)))) == 1 print("The resultant list is : ") if(my_result == True): print("All the splits are equal") else: print("All the splits are not equal")OutputThe string is ... Read More
To drop a level from a multi-level column index, use the columns.droplevel(). We have used the Multiindex.from_tuples() is used to create indexes column-wise.At first, create indexes column-wise −items = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples([("Col 1", "Col 1", "Col 1"), ("Col 2", "Col 2", "Col 2"), ("Col 3", "Col 3", "Col 3")])Next, create a multiindex array and form a multiindex dataframearr = [np.array(['car', 'car', 'car', 'bike', 'bike', 'bike', 'truck', 'truck', 'truck']), np.array(['valueA', 'valueB', 'valueC', 'valueA', 'valueB', 'valueC', 'valueA', 'valueB', 'valueC'])] # forming multiindex dataframe dataFrame = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(9, 3), index=arr, columns=items)Label the index −dataFrame.index.names = ['level 0', 'level 1']Drop a level at index ... Read More
When it is required to get the grouped consecutive range of indices of elements in a list, a defaultdict is created. A simple iteration, along with ‘groupby’ method, ‘len’ method, ‘list’ method and the ‘append’ methods are used.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −from itertools import groupby from collections import defaultdict my_list = [63, 12, 84, 91, 52, 39, 25, 27, 20, 11, 0, 9] print("The list is : " ) print(my_list) my_index = 0 my_result = defaultdict(list) for key, sub in groupby(my_list): element = len(list(sub)) my_result[key].append((my_index, my_index + ... Read More
When it is required to split the strings based on the occurrence of the prefix, two empty lists are defined, and a prefix value is defined. A simple iteration is used along with ‘append’ method.ExampleBelow is a demonstration of the same −from itertools import zip_longest my_list = ["hi", 'hello', 'there', "python", "object", "oriented", "object", "cool", "language", 'py', 'extension', 'bjarne'] print("The list is : " ) print(my_list) my_prefix = "python" print("The prefix is :") print(my_prefix) my_result, my_temp_val = [], [] for x, y in zip_longest(my_list, my_list[1:]): my_temp_val.append(x) if y and y.startswith(my_prefix): ... Read More