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Data mining is the process of finding useful new correlations, patterns, and trends by transferring through a high amount of data saved in repositories, using pattern recognition technologies including statistical and mathematical techniques. It is the analysis of factual datasets to discover unsuspected relationships and to summarize the records in novel methods that are both logical and helpful to the data owner.Data mining techniques can be used to make three kinds of models for three kinds of tasks such as descriptive profiling, directed profiling, and prediction.Descriptive Profiling − Descriptive models defines what is in the record. The output is multiple ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an arr[] of size N containing values from 1 to N with one value missing in the array. Our task is to find the only missing number in a sorted array.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}Output4Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is by traversing the sorted array linearly. And then check for the missing value using the fact that arr[i] = (i + 1).Example 1Program to illustrate the working of our solution#include using namespace std; int findMissingValArray(int arr[], int N){ for(int ... Read More
Hypothesis testing is the simplest approach to integrating data into a company’s decision-making processes. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to substantiate or disprove preconceived ideas, and it is a part of almost all data mining endeavors.Data miners provide bounce back and forth among methods, first thinking up possible descriptions for observed behavior and letting those hypotheses dictate the data be computed.Hypothesis testing is what scientists and statisticians traditionally spend their lives doing. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation whose validity can be tested by analyzing data. Such information can easily be collected by observation or created through an experiment, ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an arr[] of size n and two integers a and b. Our task is to find the only element that appears b times.All values of the array occur a time except one value which occurs b times in the array and we need to find that value.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1} a = 4, b = 3Output5Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is by counting the occurrence of each element and then storing it in a 2D ... Read More
In single-attribute evaluators, it can be utilized with the Ranker search methods to make a ranked list from which ranker discards a given number. It is also used in the RankSearch method.Relief Attribute Eval is instance-based − It samples instances randomly and checks neighboring instances of the equal and multiple classes. It works on discrete and continuous class data. Parameters define the multiple instances to sample, the various neighbors to check, whether to weight neighbors by distance, and an exponential function that conducts how increasingly weights decay with distance.InfoGain Attribute Eval − It computes attributes by calculating their information gain ... Read More
Weka is a set of machine learning algorithms for data mining services. The algorithms can be used directly to a dataset or from your own Java program. It includes tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also applicable for producing new machine learning schemes.One method of using Weka is to use a learning approach to a dataset and analyze its output to learn more about the record. The second is to need learned models to make predictions on new instances.A third is to use multiple learners and compare their performance to select one for ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an arr[] of size n. Our task is to find the only different element in an array.There are only two different types of elements in the array. All the elements are the same except one.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1}Output2Solution ApproachA simple approach to solve the problem, we need to traverse the array and find elements which are different from other elements of the array. This approach needs a time complexity of O(N2).Another approach to solve the problem in O(N) is by ... Read More
The effect of joining multiple hypotheses can be checked through a theoretical device called the bias-variance decomposition. Suppose it can have an infinite number of separate training sets of similar size and use them to create an infinite number of classifiers.A test instance is treated by all classifiers, and an individual answer is decided by bulk vote. In this situation, errors will appear because no learning design is perfect. The error rate will be based on how well the machine learning approaches connect the problem at hand, and there is also the effect of noise in the record, which cannot ... Read More
Units Generated per AnnumThe kWh generated per annum or the energy generated per annum by a power station is determined as follows −$$\mathrm{\because Load\: factor\:=\:\frac{Average\: load}{Maximum\: demand}}$$$$\mathrm{\therefore Average\: load\:=\:Maximum\: demand\:\times \:Load\: factor}$$Hence, the units generated per annum is given by, $$\mathrm{Units\: generated \:per \:annum\:=\:Average\: load \:in\: kW\:\times \:Hours \:in\: a\: year}$$$$\mathrm{=\:Maximum\: demand\: in\: kW\:\times \:Load\: factor\:\times\: 8760}$$$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow Units\: generated\: per\: annum\:=\:Maximum\: demand \:in\: kW\:\times \:Load\: factor\:\times \:8760}$$Plant Capacity FactorThe plant capacity factor of a power station is defined as the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given period, i.e., ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an arr[] of size n. Our task is to find the one missing number in range.The array consists of all values ranging from smallest value to (smallest + n). One element of the range is missing from the array. And we need to find this missing value.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {4, 8, 5, 7}Output6Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is by searching the missing element by sorting the array and then finding the first element of range starting from minimum value which is not present in the ... Read More