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The effect of joining multiple hypotheses can be checked through a theoretical device called the bias-variance decomposition. Suppose it can have an infinite number of separate training sets of similar size and use them to create an infinite number of classifiers.A test instance is treated by all classifiers, and an individual answer is decided by bulk vote. In this situation, errors will appear because no learning design is perfect. The error rate will be based on how well the machine learning approaches connect the problem at hand, and there is also the effect of noise in the record, which cannot ... Read More
Units Generated per AnnumThe kWh generated per annum or the energy generated per annum by a power station is determined as follows −$$\mathrm{\because Load\: factor\:=\:\frac{Average\: load}{Maximum\: demand}}$$$$\mathrm{\therefore Average\: load\:=\:Maximum\: demand\:\times \:Load\: factor}$$Hence, the units generated per annum is given by, $$\mathrm{Units\: generated \:per \:annum\:=\:Average\: load \:in\: kW\:\times \:Hours \:in\: a\: year}$$$$\mathrm{=\:Maximum\: demand\: in\: kW\:\times \:Load\: factor\:\times\: 8760}$$$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow Units\: generated\: per\: annum\:=\:Maximum\: demand \:in\: kW\:\times \:Load\: factor\:\times \:8760}$$Plant Capacity FactorThe plant capacity factor of a power station is defined as the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given period, i.e., ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an arr[] of size n. Our task is to find the one missing number in range.The array consists of all values ranging from smallest value to (smallest + n). One element of the range is missing from the array. And we need to find this missing value.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {4, 8, 5, 7}Output6Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is by searching the missing element by sorting the array and then finding the first element of range starting from minimum value which is not present in the ... Read More
In this problem, we are given an input string of lowercase characters. Our task is to maximum occurring character in an input string.In case of multiple values with the same frequency of occurrence, we need to print lexicographically smaller values.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputstring = “programming”OutputgSolution ApproachTo find the solution to the problem, we need to sort the read string and then traverse the string so that we could find the character which has maximum occurrence in the string. We would use hashing method (hash table method) to conquer this problem. Traversing and hashing the each ... Read More
In this problem, we are given a binary array bin[] consisting of only 0’s and 1’s. Our task is to find the number of zeroes.The array is sorted i.e. all 0’s are arranged together after 1’s.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputarr[] = {1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0}Output4Solution ApproachA simple solution to the problem is using the fact that the array is sorted, that is the number of 0’s in the array can be found using the first occurrence of 0 in the array. As after the first occurrence all values will be zero.For finding the ... Read More
In this problem, we are given three integer values A, B, C. Our task is to find the number of solutions to the given equation.EquationX = B*Sm(X)^A + Cwhere Sm(X) is the sum of digits of X.We need to count all the values of X such that it satisfies the above equation where X can be any number between 1 to 109.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, InputA = 3, B = 6, C = 4Output3Solution ApproachA solution to solve the problem is by counting the number of values of X. For this, the sum of digits plays ... Read More
Sources of EnergyThe electrical energy is obtained from energy available in the various forms in the nature. The main sources of energy used to generate electrical energy are −The SunThe Sun is the main source of energy. The heat energy radiated by the Sun is to be focused over a small area with the help of reflectors. Then, this heat energy can be used to produce steam and the steam energy can be used to drive the turbine, which in turn drives an alternator to generate electrical energy.This method of generating electrical energy has limited applications because −It requires a ... Read More
In this problem, we are given a number N denoting the number of bricks provided to create the stair. Our task is to find the number of stair steps.Using the given bricks, we need to create a stair step. Each step takes one more brick that the last step. And the first step is two bricks high. We need to find the number of such steps that can be made from bricks.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, InputN = 40Output3ExplanationStep = 1 ; bricks required = 2; total bricks used = 2 ; bricks remaining = 38Step = ... Read More
The universally adopted electric power system is three-phase AC operating at a constant frequency such as 50 Hz in India and 60 Hz in USA, etc. The power system delivers power to the consumers through its transmission and distribution systems.It is important that the electric power supply should be satisfactory. Let us take a look at the primary requirements to have satisfactory electric supply.Good Voltage RegulationThe power system must have a good voltage regulation because the voltage variations disturb the operation of both power equipment and lights. For example, an electric motor is designed to have its best operating characteristics ... Read More
A thermal or steam power plant is a generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy. A modern thermal power plant consists of a number of necessary and auxiliary equipment. In this article, we will take a look at the most important equipment of a thermal power plant.BoilerA boiler is a device in which water is converted into steam by utilising the heat energy of coal combustion. There are two types of steam boilers viz −Water Tube Boiler - In a water tube boiler, water flows through the tubes and the hot gases of combustion of ... Read More