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Electric TractionThe action of pulling something over a surface (especially a road or a track) is known as traction. The action of drawing of vehicles by electric power derived from overhead wires, third rail, storage batteries or diesel generators mounted on the vehicles is known as electric traction. In simple words, the traction system which uses electric power for its operation is known as electric traction.The electric traction system is widely used in electric trains, tramcars, trolley buses and hybrid vehicles, etc.Advantages of Electric TractionThe major advantages of electric traction system over other types of traction (such as steam traction) ... Read More
The combination of an electric motor, energy transmitting shaft and control devices for motion control is known as electric drive. The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical electric drive.Based on their assembly, electric drives can be of the following three types −Individual DriveGroup DriveMulti-motor driveIn this article, let's check the advantages and disadvantages of using an Individual Electric Drive.What is an Individual Electric Drive?When an individual machine is fitted with its own electric motor, then the electric drive is known as individual electric drive. In case of individual electric drive, each operator has complete control on his ... Read More
What is an Electric Drive?The combination of an electric motor, energy transmitting shaft and control device for motion control is known as electric drive. The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical electric drive.Based on their assembly, electric drives can be of the following three types −Individual DriveGroup DriveMulti-motor driveIn this article, let's check where exactly the electric drives are used and what are benefits and drawbacks of using electric drives.Advantages of Electric DriveThe advantages of using electric drives are listed below −Electric drives are environment friendly as they do not produce smoke, fumes, ash, etc. Therefore, electric ... Read More
What is an Arc Lamp?An Arc Lamp is a type of electric lamp that produces light by creating an electric arc in the gap between two electrodes when the electric supply is connected to these electrodes. The first arc lamp was invented by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.Working Principle of Arc LampIn an arc lamp, two electrodes touching each other are connected to a source of electricity so that an electric current flows through the electrodes, as shown in Figure-1.Now, if the two electrodes are separated a bit from each other, even then they carry an electric current and in ... Read More
What is Anodizing?The process of deposition of an oxide film on a metal surface is known as anodizing. The anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal workpieces.Anodizing of AluminiumAluminium alloys are anodized for the following reasons −To increase the corrosion resistance.To increase the surface hardness.To allow coloring or dyeing.To improve lubrication.To improve adhesion.When the pure aluminium is exposed to air at room temperature or any other gas containing oxygen, it self-passivates by forming a surface layer of amorphous aluminium oxide of thickness of 2 to 3 ... Read More
The combination of an electric motor, energy transmitting shaft and control devices for motion control is known as an electric drive. The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical electric drive.Based on their assembly, electric drives can be of the following three types −Individual DriveGroup DriveMulti-motor driveIn this article, let's check the advantages and disadvantages of using a multi-motor drive.Multi-motor DriveA mechanism in which separate motors are used for operating different parts of the same machine is known as a multi-motor electric drive.The block diagram of a multi motor drive is shown in the figure below.Advantages of Multimotor ... Read More
LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A LASER is a source of light which produces a very narrow beam of light that is useful in many technologies and instruments.Construction and Working of LASERThe construction of a typical red LASER is shown in the figure.It contains a long crystal of made ruby with a flash tube (which is not shown for simplicity, instead directly pump light is shown) wrapped around it.Here, a high voltage electric power supply makes the tube flash on and off. When the tube flashes, it pumps energy into the ruby crystal. The flashes ... Read More
A metal halide lamp, also called mercury halide lamp, is an electric lamp that produces light by an electric arc through a gaseous mixture vaporized mercury and metal halides. The metal halide lamp was invented by Dr. Reiling in 1960.Construction of Metal Halide LampThe construction of a metal halide lamp is shown in the figure below −A metal halide lamp consists of a metal base and a glass shield to protect the internal components of the lamp. Inside the glass shield, there is a series of lamps combined within a single arc tube with output characteristics of different mixtures of ... Read More
The combination of an electric motor, energy transmitting shaft and control devices for motion control is known as electric drive. The following figure shows the block diagram of a typical electric drive.Based on their assembly, electric drives are classified into the following categories −Individual DriveGroup DriveMulti-motor driveGroup driveWhen several machines are organized on a single shaft and are driven by a single large motor, this system is known as group drive. Group drive is also known as line shaft drive because a large sized motor (called main motor) drives a common shaft. To the common shaft, a number of small ... Read More
IlluminationWhen light falls on a surface, the surface is illuminated and the phenomenon is known as illumination. Mathematically, the illumination is defined as the luminous flux falling on a surface per unit area, i.e., $$\mathrm{\mathrm{Illumination, }\mathit{E}\:=\:\frac{\mathrm{Luminous \:flux}}{\mathrm{Area}}}$$Good Illumination SchemeA good illumination scheme is the one under the influence of which the eyes of a person, using the light, do not feel any strain.For example, if the light is too dim, then one cannot observe the objects properly. On the other hand, if the light is too bright, then eyes start watering and are made to open forcibly. Thus, the good ... Read More