Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Breaking cryptography typically involves attempting to discover the secret key that was used to encrypt a message. Once the secret key is discovered, it can be used to decrypt the original message, making it readable. There are a variety of methods that can be used to try to break a cryptographic system, including − Brute force − Trying all possible secret keys until the correct one is found. Ciphertext-only attack − Attempting to decrypt a message without knowing the key, but only having access to the ciphertext (the encrypted message). Known plaintext attack − Attempting to decrypt a message ... Read More
Buffering refers to the process of temporarily storing data in memory (a buffer) before it is sent or received over a network. The buffer helps to smooth out any variations in the rate at which data can be sent or received, and ensures that the sender and receiver can work at their own pace without interruption. For example, when streaming a video, the video player may buffer some of the video before it starts playing. This is done so that if the network connection is slow, the video can continue playing without interruption. Similarly, when a computer is sending data ... Read More
Bus Topology In computer networking, a bus topology is a network architecture in which devices are connected to a common cable called the bus or backbone. The bus is a single cable that runs the length of the network and to which all devices connect. Data transmitted on the bus is sent to all devices connected to it, but only the intended recipient actually receives and processes the data. One of the main advantage of bus topology is that it is simple and inexpensive to implement, as only a single cable is needed to connect all devices. The main disadvantage ... Read More
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) checksum is a method used to detect errors in TCP packets. The checksum is calculated by taking the binary value of all the fields in the TCP header and the data, treating them as a large integer, and then performing a bit-wise ones complement on that integer. To calculate the TCP checksum, the following steps are performed − The checksum field in the TCP header is set to zero. The binary values of the source and destination IP addresses, the reserved field, the protocol field (set to 6 for TCP), the TCP length, and ... Read More
What is Curl? curl is a command-line tool for transferring data using various protocols. It was designed to work without user interaction, so it is ideal for use in scripts and other automated tasks. curl supports a wide variety of protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, and many more. With curl, you can send HTTP and HTTPS requests, receive and display HTTP and HTTPS responses, upload and download files, and even send and receive email using the SMTP and IMAP protocols. curl also supports various options and command-line arguments that allow you to control the behavior of the request, such ... Read More
The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a communication protocol that was developed for use in the automotive industry, but has also been used in other industries such as industrial automation and medical equipment. It is a serial communication protocol that uses a multi-master, distributed control system. This means that any device on the network, called a node, can initiate communication and all other nodes on the network can participate in the communication. The protocol provides a way for devices to share information and synchronize their actions without the need for a central controller. The protocol uses a collision detection ... Read More
No, two IP addresses cannot be the same in a single network as each IP address serves as a unique identifier for a device connected to a network. In IPv4, an IP address is a 32-bit binary number, typically represented in dotted-decimal notation, that uniquely identifies a device on a TCP/IP network. In IPv6, an IP address is a 128-bit binary number, represented in hexadecimal notation, that also uniquely identifies a device on a TCP/IP network. IP Address Structure An IP address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol ... Read More
Using JavaScript or jQuery, we can check whether a file exists and retrieve metadata about the file, such as its size, content type, last modified date, etc., without retrieving the actual file. The HTTP HEAD request is used in this case. An HTTP HEAD request is a type of HTTP request that asks the server to return the HTTP headers for a specified resource without the actual resource itself. Several methods can be used to send an HTTP HEAD request, but the most popular way is to use the $.ajax() method and XMLHttpRequest object. Users can define the request ... Read More
JavaScript is a loosely typed programming language, meaning there is no such rule to declare the variable type. A variable can store multiple data types in a program, so it is essential to understand the variable type before using it. In JavaScript, we can use the typeof operator to check the type of a variable or object. The typeof operator takes a variable and returns its type in a string format. In addition, to the typeof operator, JavaScript also provides the instanceof operator to check the type of a variable or object. The instanceof operator accepts two arguments: the ... Read More
The Caesar Cipher is a simple substitution cipher named after Julius Caesar, who reportedly used it to communicate with his officials. The technique involves shifting each letter in a message by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A would be replaced by D, B would become E, and so on. The Caesar Cipher is relatively easy to break and is considered to be a very weak form of encryption, but it served its purpose for Julius Caesar. It's still used for educational and recreational purposes. Algorithm for Caesar Cipher Here is ... Read More