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Pangram string is a string that contains all the English alphabet. For example − String = “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” Here the string is a pangram string which contains all the alphabetical characters from a to z in it. String = “ Hello! Swati how are you?” Here the string is not a pangram string because it does not contain all the 26 alphabetical characters from a to z. In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to check if a string is pangram or not. So to check if the ... Read More
Heterogram string is a string in which no alphabet occurs more than once. For example, “Sky with cloud” is a heterogram because in the string each alphabet occurred only once. Whereas “colorful balloons” is not a Heterogram because in the string some alphabet like o, u, l, etc appears more than once. Here we will execute different examples that will check whether the given string is heterogram or not using swift programming language. Algorithm Step 1 − Create a function. Step 2 − Remove the white space from the string. Step 3 − Create a separate array to ... Read More
Bit stuffing is a technique used in data communication systems to detect and correct errors that may occur during the transmission of data. It works by adding extra bits to the data being transmitted in order to flag when an error has occurred. One common way to implement bit stuffing in Java is to use a flag byte (such as 0x7E) to indicate the start and end of a frame, and to use a special escape byte (such as 0x7D) to indicate that the next byte is a stuffed bit. For example, the sender would add a stuffed bit before ... Read More
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a legacy computer networking protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network. BOOTP was developed in the 1980s as a way to assign IP addresses to diskless workstations without the need for a DHCP server. BOOTP works by allowing a device to broadcast a request for an IP address on the network. The BOOTP server, which is typically a router or a dedicated BOOTP server, receives the request and assigns an IP address to the device. The device then uses the assigned IP address to communicate with other devices on the ... Read More
Breaking cryptography typically involves attempting to discover the secret key that was used to encrypt a message. Once the secret key is discovered, it can be used to decrypt the original message, making it readable. There are a variety of methods that can be used to try to break a cryptographic system, including − Brute force − Trying all possible secret keys until the correct one is found. Ciphertext-only attack − Attempting to decrypt a message without knowing the key, but only having access to the ciphertext (the encrypted message). Known plaintext attack − Attempting to decrypt a message ... Read More
Buffering refers to the process of temporarily storing data in memory (a buffer) before it is sent or received over a network. The buffer helps to smooth out any variations in the rate at which data can be sent or received, and ensures that the sender and receiver can work at their own pace without interruption. For example, when streaming a video, the video player may buffer some of the video before it starts playing. This is done so that if the network connection is slow, the video can continue playing without interruption. Similarly, when a computer is sending data ... Read More
Bus Topology In computer networking, a bus topology is a network architecture in which devices are connected to a common cable called the bus or backbone. The bus is a single cable that runs the length of the network and to which all devices connect. Data transmitted on the bus is sent to all devices connected to it, but only the intended recipient actually receives and processes the data. One of the main advantage of bus topology is that it is simple and inexpensive to implement, as only a single cable is needed to connect all devices. The main disadvantage ... Read More
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) checksum is a method used to detect errors in TCP packets. The checksum is calculated by taking the binary value of all the fields in the TCP header and the data, treating them as a large integer, and then performing a bit-wise ones complement on that integer. To calculate the TCP checksum, the following steps are performed − The checksum field in the TCP header is set to zero. The binary values of the source and destination IP addresses, the reserved field, the protocol field (set to 6 for TCP), the TCP length, and ... Read More
What is Curl? curl is a command-line tool for transferring data using various protocols. It was designed to work without user interaction, so it is ideal for use in scripts and other automated tasks. curl supports a wide variety of protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SFTP, and many more. With curl, you can send HTTP and HTTPS requests, receive and display HTTP and HTTPS responses, upload and download files, and even send and receive email using the SMTP and IMAP protocols. curl also supports various options and command-line arguments that allow you to control the behavior of the request, such ... Read More
The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a communication protocol that was developed for use in the automotive industry, but has also been used in other industries such as industrial automation and medical equipment. It is a serial communication protocol that uses a multi-master, distributed control system. This means that any device on the network, called a node, can initiate communication and all other nodes on the network can participate in the communication. The protocol provides a way for devices to share information and synchronize their actions without the need for a central controller. The protocol uses a collision detection ... Read More