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For using arrays in Python, NumPy is commonly used. Sometimes, the data is stored in a multidimensional or 3D array. If loadtxt() or savetxt() functions are used to save or load the array data, it will require a 2d array. If the 3D array is used, then it will give this error – “ValueError: Expected 1D or 2D array, got 3D array instead”. So, in this Python and Numpy article, using two different examples, code is written to show the process of saving arrays and loading arrays while using savetxt() and loadtxt() functions and working with 3D arrays. In the ... Read More
In this article, the user will understand how to lowercase the column names in Pandas dataframe. Using three different examples, the ways are given for converting the dataframe columns in lowercase. For these examples, a Zomato dataset given on Kaggle is used. The kaggle dataset was available in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format so it was first downloaded and then it was converted into a dataframe by using pandas. In the first example, the python program uses a str.lower() function for the lowercase conversion of the column vales. In the second example, the map(str.lower) function is used for converting the ... Read More
Sometimes, the task is to analyze a dataset and use the data from a TSV (Tab Separated Values) file. For this, the TSV file is sometimes converted to a dataframe. A dataframe is a labeled two-dimensional structure that has different types of columns. In this article, using two different examples, this Python library called pandas is used with Python code to read a TSV file and load it into a dataframe. For these examples, a Zomato dataset given on Kaggle is used. The Kaggle dataset was available in CSV (Comma Separated Values) format so it was first downloaded and then ... Read More
Introduction Immunology is basically the study of immune system of an organism which protects the organism from physical, chemical and biological invasions. Immunity: Immunity is our body’s protective mechanism against pathogens which includes the disease inducing micro-organisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa etc. We do need immunity as our body constantly attacked by several pathogens in a day to day life. How Does Our Immune System Works? Immune system includes a complex set of tissues, cells and specialized molecules which protects our body from any foreign particles like microorganisms that enter our body. For effective functioning of our ... Read More
Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) Hydrothermal liquefaction is only one of the several ways to harvest energy from the biomass like algae, wood, etc. This process uses water as a solvent under extreme temperatures and pressures. Here the biomass or fossil fuel based carbon rich material is converted into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases at high temperatures without combustion and with a controlled oxygen supply. Here the conversion of the wet biomass into crude oil occurs which also a natural process undergoing beneath the Earth’s surface. The oil obtained through this process is named as Bio oil or Bio crude. ... Read More
Introduction to Molecular Biochemistry Molecular biochemistry is a sub-division under biochemistry of biology which mainly involves in studying the chemical processes that undergoes or takes place within all the living organisms at a molecular level. This study of science deals with the areas like metabolisms, cell pathophysiology, membrane and enzyme biochemistry, ion transport across the biological membranes, lipid biochemistry, nuclear structures and their functions, protein chemistry and many other components of molecular biology etc. As it also covers the major portion of the biochemistry and molecular biology, it often gets confused with that sciences. However, biochemistry deals mainly with the ... Read More
Suppose the total permitted character is N and the user has entered M characters in the textarea, where N>M. Now only (N-M) characters are left to be entered. After this (N-M) becomes 0, the characters should not be allowed to be entered. In this article, using JQuery, in three different examples, this process of limiting the character input in the textarea is given. In the first example, the maxlength attribute of textarea is used. In example two, the text area is disabled after the required limit is reached and in the third example, the preventDefault is used for the ... Read More
In this article, the user will understand how to make a display in a horizontal row in the HTML. This can be easily done by using “display: inline” feature while setting the style or by using the table row feature. This process of displaying some elements of a webpage in a row is demonstrated. First, the method is given where the unordered list items are displayed in a row. In the second example, the paragraph lines are displayed in a row. In the third example, images of different sizes are used to display these in a row. Example 1: ... Read More
Sometimes, the task is to display a vertical line on the web page and to set the style for that vertical line. Using the HTML, this process of creating a vertical line on the webpage is demonstrated in this article. First the method is given where the border style is specified for the div tag to display a vertical line. In the second example, the keyboard characters “|” and “!’ are filled as table cell contents to create a vertical line made up of dashes or dots. In the third example a small width rectangle is created that looks ... Read More
What is Biostatistics? Biostatistics is the science which applies the statistics to a wide range of concepts in biology. Statistics mainly involves data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation. Importance of Biostatistics The Bio statistical science mainly deals with the development and application of most suitable methods for the following purposes. Data Collection - Here the facts are expressed in quantitative form and for this the data is obtained from the primary and secondary sources. Presenting the Collected Data – Data is presented in tabular form as a classification of data and through charts called charting of data. ... Read More