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Value at Risk, a popular risk management technique, determines the potential value loss of a financial portfolio over a given time horizon, assuming a particular degree of confidence. By calculating VaR, investors and financial institutions can determine the most money they could lose with a certain likelihood. We'll demonstrate how to develop an Excel VaR template in this article so you can evaluate and manage the risk associated with your investment portfolio. Along with the formulas and computations necessary to develop a powerful and useful VaR template, the key VaR concepts will be discussed. Whether you are a finance professional, ... Read More
A useful feature that enables simultaneous collaboration between numerous users on an Excel file is sharing workbooks. A shared worksheet can increase productivity and simplify your work process whether you're working on a team project, performing data analysis, or simply exchanging information with coworkers. In this lesson, we'll walk you through each step of creating a shared Excel workbook. From activating sharing options to controlling user access and settling issues, we'll go through everything you need to know. You'll have a firm grasp on how to efficiently work on Excel files with your coworkers or team members by the end ... Read More
MediaFire helps the user with a storage feature that enables them to access the data from anywhere without any difficulty. In both cases, the files or folders can be uploaded remotely and provides free storage space without any prior subscription. High−resolution pictures and videos are kept safe and secured in iCloud Photos, with lightweight, space−saving copies on all of our devices. No matter what device we are using, iCloud Drive makes it simple to access and share the files and folders we save. What is iCloud? Apple Incorporation offers the cloud computing and storage service known as iCloud. Users are ... Read More
In digital communication, Delta Modulation and Differential Pulse Code Modulation are the techniques with fixed step size and it has updated ones with varying step size as Adaptive DM and DPCM. The Correlation between the current sample and a predicted value is quantized for both approaches to function. The main distinction between the two is that while DPCM sends multiple bits per sample, DM only sends one bit per sample. DM is a less complex approach than DPCM, but it also has a worse signal−to−noise ratio. What is Delta Modulation (DM)? It follows a linear type and the circuits of ... Read More
In the recent era of digital technology, people connected to the network need to send data within a minimum time and aim to save storage space for media files. When large files have to be transmitted simultaneously in a shorter period, then the user can choose any compression method to reduce the data size and upload it. Data compression is a complex task as each frame of the image or video has to be technically processed and it should not compromise the quality of the original data before sending it through the network. Two types of compression for video formats ... Read More
Open System Interconnection (OSI) model consists of seven major layers. The layer−2 of the OSI stack and the switches working in this layer is layer−2 switch. Similarly, the third layer of this model is called the network layer and the switches working in this layer is layer−3 switch. Initially, Local Area Network uses hubs as a central devices connected to other devices. Later bridges were introduced but had less number of ports and then only switches were developed which includes more ports. What is a Layer−2 switch? The Layer−2 switches are the physical component of the network, in these, the ... Read More
In this article, we will understand the concept of Kerberos and Radius and the difference between them. The three main components of Kerberos are the computer that contains the database, the ticket−granting server, and the authentication server. RADIUS does not store data in a specific format but rather talks with a central database. Kerberos is used to verify the identity of users and services before allowing them to access sensitive information. The verification methods used by the application layer protocols of Kerberos are ticket−based encryption methods. What is Kerberos? Kerberos comes under the application layer which is the topmost layer ... Read More
In Data Communication, the data are transferred from the client to the receiver. During this transmission, there may be a chance of an error occurring due to network problems, interference and using any other ways. So, the error needs to be detected and corrected. For both error detection and correction, we can use various methods like linear code and Convolution code. Linear codes are efficient one for error correction of the transmission bits between the hosts, while convolution code encodes in a timely fashion. What is Linear Code? Block code is the one that encodes data within the block and ... Read More
Voice data can be sent from one device to another using telephone devices or wireless mode. Voice communication works for all factors including long−distance, local areas, mobile devices, and international numbers. This technology is useful for normal customers and businesses as it provides other features like caller ID, voicemail, text messaging, team chats, and call recording that may not be available in all phone services. These voice and multimedia sessions can be communicated over an Internet connection using fixed or non−fixed methods. Fixed VoIP Fixed Voice over IP has a physical address and the number is assigned to the owner ... Read More
A network contains several groups of devices that communicate with one another through links. Devices are represented as hosts that are connected through switches, routers, hubs, modems, and access points with transmission mediums for communication purposes. Communication protocol specifies set of rules for exchanging data over a suitable network. Each protocol differs in its communication properties and can be connection−oriented or connection−less with a circuit or packet−switching techniques. Most of the common protocols used in networking are IEEE 802, Ethernet, Wireless LAN, SDH, ATM, Routing, etc. Here Ethernet and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are types of communication protocols used in ... Read More