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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is an error correction technique that detects and corrects a limited number of errors in transmitted data without requiring retransmission from the sender. In FEC, the sender adds redundant error-correcting bits to the original data frame before transmission. At the receiver end, these additional bits are used to perform error detection and correction. If errors are found within the correctable range, the receiver reconstructs the original data and removes the redundant bits before passing the message to upper layers. Forward Error Correction Process ...
Read MoreAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES)
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an encryption standard established in 2001 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the USA. It is implemented worldwide in both hardware and software to encrypt sensitive data. AES finds wide usage while transmitting data over computer networks, particularly in wireless networks. Features of AES Block cipher architecture − AES is a subset of the Rijndael block cipher that operates on fixed-size data blocks. DES successor − It is stronger and faster than Data Encryption Standard (DES), providing enhanced security. Symmetric key encryption ...
Read MoreDifference Between Multiprocessor and Multicomputer
Both multiprocessors and multicomputers are types of parallel computing systems designed to improve performance through parallel processing. The fundamental difference is that a multiprocessor is a single computer system containing multiple processors sharing common I/O and memory resources, whereas a multicomputer is a system of several autonomous computers connected through a network, with each computer having its own independent I/O, memory, and computing resources. Multiprocessor vs Multicomputer Architecture Multiprocessor CPU1 ...
Read MoreWhat is the I2C Protocol in Computer Network?
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a serial communication protocol designed to connect low-speed devices in embedded systems and computer networks. It operates as a master-slave communication system where a single master can control multiple slave devices, with each slave having a unique address for identification. I2C was developed by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP) to overcome the complexities of other communication protocols like UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface). Unlike UART, which requires devices to agree on data rates beforehand and maintain synchronized clocks, I2C provides a more flexible and efficient solution for device communication. ...
Read MoreTime Access List
A Time Access List (TAL) is a security mechanism that provides access control to resources based on specific time periods. It allows administrators to specify which users can access particular resources during designated time windows, such as allowing employees access to sensitive data only during working hours. TAL enhances security by restricting access to resources at specific times or dates, ensuring that only authorized users are granted entry when appropriate. This temporal control is particularly valuable for organizations with multiple users requiring varying levels of access throughout different periods. How Time Access List Works TAL operates by ...
Read MoreWhat is Inter-Switch Link (ISL)?
Inter-Switch Link (ISL) is a proprietary VLAN trunking protocol developed by Cisco Systems for carrying multiple VLAN traffic between Cisco switches. ISL was designed to maintain VLAN information when frames traverse trunk links connecting switches. Unlike the IEEE 802.1Q standard, ISL uses external tagging by completely encapsulating the original Ethernet frame with an ISL header and trailer, rather than inserting a tag within the frame. How ISL Works ISL operates by encapsulating the entire original Ethernet frame with a 26-byte header and a 4-byte CRC trailer. The encapsulated frame remains completely unchanged throughout transmission. ...
Read MoreWhat is Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)?
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) is an advanced Ethernet switching protocol that enables efficient loop prevention across multiple Virtual LANs (VLANs) simultaneously. Unlike traditional STP which creates one spanning tree for all VLANs, MSTP allows different VLANs to use separate spanning tree instances for optimal path utilization. MSTP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to communicate tree topology information between switches. It prevents loops by creating a loop-free topology while allowing different VLANs to take different paths through the network, maximizing link utilization and providing load balancing capabilities. MSTP - Multiple Spanning Trees ...
Read MoreRadio Transmission
Radio transmission utilizes electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 1 GHz for wireless communication. These radio waves are widely used because they are easy to generate, can travel long distances, and can penetrate buildings effectively. Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that transmit signals in all directions, making them ideal for broadcasting applications. However, all radio frequencies are susceptible to interference from electrical equipment like motors, fluorescent lights, and other electronic devices. Radio Wave Propagation Types Ground Wave ...
Read MoreRansomware Explained: How It Works And How To Prevent It
Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment, typically in cryptocurrency, for the decryption key. This cyber threat has become one of the most dangerous and costly forms of cybercrime, affecting individuals, businesses, and government organizations worldwide. According to cybersecurity research, ransomware attacks have increased dramatically, with 91% of attacks originating from phishing emails. The global impact is staggering, with thousands of ransomware incidents reported annually, causing billions of dollars in damages and business disruption. How Ransomware Works Ransomware follows a predictable attack pattern that unfolds in several stages: ...
Read MoreWhat is the MQTT protocol in Computer Network ?
MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a highly lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol designed for constrained environments where bandwidth is limited and network reliability is uncertain. MQTT was initially invented and developed by IBM in the late 1990s to link sensors on oil pipelines with satellites. It provides asynchronous communication between parties, meaning the message sender and receiver are decoupled in both space and time, making it scalable in unreliable network environments. The protocol is ideal for collecting data from many devices and transporting that data to IT infrastructure, particularly in machine-to-machine (M2M) connections where ...
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