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Introduction Solutions were formed when different types of compounds are mixed. Mainly by the dissolution of solute on a solvent. There are two types of solutions; they are homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions. The solutions that possess uniformity in their properties are homogeneous. While the one which doesn't have any uniformity in their properties are heterogeneous solutions. There are many laws associated with solutions. Raoult's law is one such law. The French chemist François-Marie Raoult discovered Raoult's law in the year 1880 for explaining the ideal solution. This law mainly focuses on the properties of ideal solutions. But it also ... Read More
Introduction Polysaccharides are also called or termed polycarbohydrates. These are the most abundant (easy to be found) carbohydrates found in food materials. Polysaccharides can also be defined as the long chain polymers (carbohydrates) composed (formed) of monosaccharide (simpler) units bounded together by the glycosidic linkages. There are broadly two types of polysaccharides and those are- Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of Homopolysaccharides, while Hyaluronic acid and Heparin are examples of Heteropolysaccharides. Polysaccharides are not sweet. Many of them are also insoluble in water, they are hydrophobic (away from water) in nature. They are compact materials with ... Read More
Introduction “Agriculture chemistry” is the biochemistry and chemistry study involving agricultural production. It involves the processing of raw materials into food and Agri products. The study of agriculture chemistry comprises the study of agricultural production, the interaction of plants, bacteria, animals, and their environment. It is a branch of science that deals with the composition of both chemistry and biochemistry. In agriculture chemistry, we study the production of food, Agri products, and beverages from raw materials. The material used in the production of agricultural products are herbicides, growth regulators, fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. Agricultural chemistry aims to increase the ... Read More
Introduction The valence electrons of inner transition metals are in the f-orbitals. Actinides as well as Lanthanides make up the inner transition metals. Actinides are soft metals that are radioactive and primarily manufactured. Inner transition elements have atomic nos. ranging from 58 to 71 as well as 90 to 103. The periodic table's bottom row is occupied by inner transition metals. Because of their rarity, these elements are sometimes known as rare earth elements. Lanthanides are classified as period 6, whereas actinides are classified as period 7. What are Inner Transition Elements? Inner transition elements are those in which the ... Read More
Introduction Iodine has been used in a variety of ways since the dawn of time when humans first began cooking food on flame. Iodine is among the necessary elements that humans require to live, & human bodies can produce it by themselves. As a result, we must rely on diet to make up for Iodine deficiency. As a govt. rule, unless it has been introduced during food manufacturing to keep it fresh and ready to consume for an extended time, there is only a trace quantity of iodine that may be present in food products. The proton number of ... Read More
Introduction Iodoform tests are often used to determine the prevalence of Aldehydes as well as Ketones with an α methyl group. This is also useful in distinguishing Ethanol from Methanol. Iodine with aq. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution and 𝐾𝐼 with Sodium Hypochlorite solution could be used to conduct the test. Carbonyl compounds with the $\mathrm{R\:-\:CO\:-\:CH_{3}}$ formation, as well as alcohols with the $\mathrm{R\:-\:CH(OH)CH_{3}}$ configurations, are easily iodoform tested. Iodine, a base, as well as methyl ketone, combine to form a yellow residue with a "disinfectant" odour. Several secondary alcohols with at least 1 methyl group within the α position are also tested. ... Read More
Introduction Isotopes and isobars are two significant associated with the elements present in the periodic table. Isotopes have an equal atomic number, but varied mass number and isobars have an equal mass number but a varied atomic number. The radiochemist Frederick Soddy in the year 1913 introduced the idea of isotope by bringing the concept that elements may also have one or more extra mass numbers. Then the scientist Alfred Walter Stewar in the year 1918 discovered the existence of isobars, which means an identical mass number or atomic weight. The discovery of Isotopes and isobars has contradicted several theories ... Read More
Introduction Carbonyl groups (𝑪 = 𝑶) are found in chemical molecules known as ketones. Chemicals that react quickly are ketones. Ketones and aldehydes have a close relationship, although ketones are weaker reactive than aldehydes. The polar character of the ketones is caused by their unequal electrical distribution. Ketones serve as the basis for numerous construction blocks. It has the potential to make textiles, solvents (for the manufacture of explosives), paints, varnishes, etc. The treatment of hydraulic agents, restoration, and dyeing all include the use of ketones. In the laboratory and on an industrial scale, a diversity of ketone generation techniques ... Read More
Introduction Natural polymers, often known as biopolymers, include substances that arise naturally throughout the lifespans of plants, animals, microorganisms, as well as fungi. A polymer is a large molecule made up of numerous repeating structured subunits of such molecules. Polymers have become the foundation of 4 sectors − fibres, plastics, elastomers, as well as resins. Polymerization has been the process by which polymers are formed from their monomers. Polymers are tough to categorize owing to their incredibly complicated structures, diverse behaviour, and a vast array of uses. As a result, we categorize polymers based on the following factors: Source ... Read More
Introduction Proline comprises with carboxyl and imine functional groups and it can also be called an amino acid. It is one of the most important amino acids that have several functions. It helps in maintaining blood pressure as well as forming collagen in humans. It can be incorporated into a protein molecule and is also called a critical component. Information regarding proline Proline is also called as L-proline and it falls under the category of non-essential amino acids. It mainly lies in the form of transparent crystals in nature. This kind of amino acid belongs to the imine functional groups. ... Read More