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Monocrystalline solar panels are one of the most popular types of solar panel available in the market and is used for generating electricity from sunlight. The primary reason behind its popularity is its relatively high efficiency in all weather conditions. Although it is a relatively expensive solar panel than other types of solar panels. In this article, I will explain all the important concepts of the monocrystalline solar panel, such as its construction, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. So, let’s start with the basic introduction of the monocrystalline solar cell which is its fundamental building block. What is a ... Read More
The increasing demand of electricity cannot be met through conventional ways of generating electricity. To fulfil the electricity demand, several new methods have been developed. Solar panels are one of the most common of them. A solar panel is a semiconductor device that can convert sunlight into electricity. This light to electricity conversion is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Thus, solar panels are also known as photovoltaic systems. In a solar panel, there are multiple PV or solar cells used that absorb the sunlight and produce electricity. This electricity is stored in rechargeable batteries and supplied as per ... Read More
Solar energy is becoming one of the most popular methods of generating electricity. It is because the solar energy is clean and does not cause any environment pollution like green-house effect, air pollution, etc. Also, it is renewable, as it will deplete over time. The solar energy is freely available from the sun light and we can develop certain kind of mechanisms like solar panels to utilize the solar energy. A solar panel is an opto-electric device that is used for converting energy from sun light into electricity. Based on the technology used in manufacturing the solar panels, there are ... Read More
Introduction An atom's electrical configuration shows how many electrons are in each subshell that surrounds its nucleus. The greatest number of electrons that can be found in the orbitals, which are represented by the symbols s, p, d, and f, are 2, 6, 10, and 14. The notation is used to describe the subshell's number of electrons. The shell number, the identity of the subshell, and the overall number of electrons in the subshell are all written in superscript. Electronic configuration, often called electronic structure, is the configuration of electrons in different energy levels surrounding an atomic nucleus. What is ... Read More
Introduction Ferric chloride is an inorganic chemical with the formula $\mathrm{FeCl_{3}}$ that has a wide range of industrial, medicinal, & laboratory applications. Iron (𝐼𝐼𝐼) chloride or Iron trichloride is its IUPAC term. It is a dangerous substance that is very corrosive & acidic. The anhydrous substance is a potent dehydrating agent. Even though human poisoning is uncommon, consumption of $\mathrm{FeCl_{3}}$ can result in significant morbidity & lead fatality. Even though chlorine is a nonmetal & iron is a metal, it is a covalent complex. Because chlorine is more electronegative than iron, it draws a shared electron pair towards itself in ... Read More
Introduction In simple words, we can define fibrous materials as materials made up of fibres that are bundled together. The basic component of these fibres is proteins or polysaccharides $\mathrm{[C_{x}(H_{2}O)_{y}]}$. They are usually very strong and lightweight. Some examples of these materials are cloth, fibreglass, paperboard, etc. Fibrous materials are broadly classified into two main types: Natural and Synthetic or Manmade fibres. Natural fibres are the fibres that we obtain naturally either from plant or animal sources. For example, we obtain wool, leather, hair, and silk from animals whereas we obtain rubber, cotton, and jute from plants. Synthetic fibres are ... Read More
Introduction Fluorine is a relatively recent element. Minerals containing fluorine were used sparingly in antiquity. Early scientist Georgius Agricola initially discussed the economic application of fluorite, the mineral that is the source of fluorine, in the context of smelting in the 16th century. The term "fluorite" (and subsequently "fluorine") is a creation of Agricola. The late 18th century saw the discovery of hydrofluoric acid. Early in the 19th century, it was realised that fluorine, like chlorine, was a bonded element within compounds. It was discovered that fluorite is calcium fluoride. Fluorine has resisted attempts to separate it due to its ... Read More
Introduction Chemical species known as free radicals have a singly occupied orbital. They are very reactive while being neutral. With a few notable exceptions, these "dangling" connections render free radicals very chemically reactive toward other substances or even against themselves; their molecules spontaneously dimerize/polymerize if they make contact. Only at trace amounts in an inert medium or a vacuum are most of radicals relatively stable. There are several techniques to produce free radicals, including synthesis using incredibly dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at extremely low temperatures, or dissociation of bigger molecules. What are Free Radicals? An atom/ ion/molecule with unpaired ... Read More
Introduction Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis is the process of formation of primary amine only. It is a three-step process in which phthalimide reacts with a base and alkyl halide to form primary amine and salt of sodium or potassium phthalimide. German scientist Siegmund Gabriel synthesised it. In this process, we can make only primary amines not aryl amines as the aryl halides do not process nucleophilic substitution reactions. We can use any base potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in this reaction. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis What is Gabriel Phthalimide? The Gabriel Synthesis is a valuable preparation of primary amines. In this ... Read More
Introduction Gibbs Energy Change is connected to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, which says that the system's, as well as surroundings' entropy, must always grow. Entropy is an estimate of the displacement of a system's energy if it can store energy. As a result, Gibbs Free Energy is essential to comprehending numerous equations since it clarifies and simplifies all spontaneous events in the universe. At fixed temperature & pressure, the fraction of internal energy that may be transformed into work is referred to as free energy. Free energy has the qualities of energy, and its value is decided by the ... Read More