# Channel Characteristics

The wireless channel is susceptible to a variety of transmission impediments such as path loss, interference and blockage. These factors restrict the range, data rate, and the reliability of the wireless transmission.

## Types of Paths

The extent to which these factors affect the transmission depends upon the environmental conditions and the mobility of the transmitter and receiver. The path followed by the signals to get to the receiver, are two types, such as −

### Direct-path

The transmitted signal, when reaches the receiver directly, can be termed as a directpath and the components presents that are present in the signal are called as directpath components.

### Multi-path

The transmitted signal when reaches the receiver, through different directions undergoing different phenomenon, such a path is termed as multi-path and the components of the transmitted signal are called as multi-path components.

They are reflected, diffracted and scattered by the environment, and arrive at the receiver shifted in amplitude, frequency and phase with respect to the direct path component.

## Characteristics of Wireless Channel

The most important characteristics of wireless channel are −

• Path loss
• Interference
• Doppler shift

In the following sections, we will discuss these channel characteristics one by one.

## Path Loss

Path loss can be expressed as the ratio of the power of the transmitted signal to the power of the same signal received by the receiver, on a given path. It is a function of the propagation distance.

• Estimation of path loss is very important for designing and deploying wireless communication networks

• Path loss is dependent on a number of factors such as the radio frequency used and the nature of the terrain.

• The free space propagation model is the simplest path loss model in which there is a direct-path signal between the transmitter and the receiver, with no atmosphere attenuation or multipath components.

In this model, the relationship between the transmitted power Pt and the received power Pr is given by

$$P_{r} = P_{t}G_{t}G_{r}(\frac{\lambda}{4\Pi d})^2$$

Where

• Gt is the transmitter antenna gain

• Gr is the receiver antenna gain

• d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver

• λ is the wavelength of the signal

Two-way model also called as two path models is widely used path loss model. The free space model described above assumes that there is only one single path from the transmitter to the receiver.

In reality, the signal reaches the receiver through multiple paths. The two path model tries to capture this phenomenon. The model assumes that the signal reaches the receiver through two paths, one a line-of-sight and the other the path through which the reflected wave is received.

According to the two-path model, the received power is given by

$$P_{r} = P_{t}G_{t}G_{r}(\frac{h_{t}h_{r}}{d^2})^2$$

Where

• pt is the transmitted power

• Gt represent the antenna gain at the transmitter

• Gr represent the antenna gain at the receiver

• d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver

• ht is the height of the transmitter

• hr are the height of the receiver

Fast fading refers to the rapid fluctuations in the amplitude, phase or multipath delays of the received signal, due to the interference between multiple versions of the same transmitted signal arriving at the receiver at slightly different times.

The time between the reception of the first version of the signal and the last echoed signal is called delay spread. The multipath propagation of the transmitted signal, which causes fast fading, is because of the three propagation mechanisms, namely −

• Reflection
• Diffraction
• Scattering

The multiple signal paths may sometimes add constructively or sometimes destructively at the receiver causing a variation in the power level of the received signal. The received single envelope of a fast fading signal is said to follow a Rayleigh distribution to see if there is no line-of-sight path between the transmitter and the receiver.

The name Slow Fading itself implies that the signal fades away slowly. The features of slow fading are as given below.

• Slow fading occurs when objects that partially absorb the transmission lie between the transmitter and receiver.

• Slow fading is so called because the duration of the fade may last for multiple seconds or minutes.

• Slow fading may occur when the receiver is inside a building and the radio wave must pass through the walls of a building, or when the receiver is temporarily shielded from the transmitter by a building. The obstructing objects cause a random variation in the received signal power.

• Slow fading may cause the received signal power to vary, though the distance between the transmitter and receiver remains the same.

• Slow fading is also referred to as shadow fading since the objects that cause the fade, which may be large buildings or other structures, block the direct transmission path from the transmitter to the receiver.

## Interference

Wireless transmissions have to counter interference from a wide variety of sources. Two main forms of interference are −