Python has a capability that allows you to build and store classes and functions for later usage. A module is the name of the file that has these collections of methods and classes. A module may contain more modules. Let’s consider the following example to import multiple modules at once ... Read More

Working with complex programs that run for thousands of lines produces two fundamental problems arise – managing the code to know which functionality is implemented where and debugging the program in case of an error. Fortunately, both problems can be solved by breaking the code into multiple modules and then ... Read More

File descriptors in Python are identifiers that represents the open files in the os kernel and are kept in a table of files. Typically, they have non-negative values. Negative results denote an error or a "no value" condition. They support a variety of file-related operations. In general, descriptors are a ... Read More

Applications can use the logging module to configure various log handlers and to route log messages to these handlers. This enables a very flexible design that can handle a wide range of use cases. A caller must first request a named logger in order to produce a log message. The ... Read More

The Python Standard Library is a collection of script modules that may be used by a Python program, making it unnecessary to rewrite frequently used commands and streamlining the development process. By "calling/importing" them at the start of a script, they can be used. A module is a file that ... Read More

Using comparison operators, we may compare various data types in Python. When creating custom classes, we are unable to simply compare them using the comparison operators. This article will go over various approaches to verify equivalence ("equality") in Python classes. Equality of class objects The == operator makes it simple ... Read More

Metaprogramming in python is defined as the ability of a program to influence itself. It is achieved by using metaclass in python. Metaclasses in Python Metaclasses are an OOP concept present in all python code by default. Python provides the functionality to create custom metaclasses by using the keyword type. ... Read More

When an object is deleted or destroyed, a destructor is invoked. Before terminating an object, cleanup tasks like closing database connections or filehandles are completed using the destructor. The garbage collector in Python manages memory automatically. for instance, when an object is no longer relevant, it clears the memory. In ... Read More

Data hiding is also known as data encapsulation and it is the process of hiding the implementation of specific parts of the application from the user. Data hiding combines members of class thereby restricting direct access to the members of the class. Data hiding plays a major role in making ... Read More

Python makes it simple to create new files, read existing files, append data, or replace data in existing files. With the aid of a few open-source and third-party libraries, it can manage practically all of the file types that are currently supported. We must iterate through all the necessary files, ... Read More