Spear phishing is an email or electronic communication fraud that targets a single person, company, or organization. Cybercriminals may plan to install malware on a targeted user's machine in addition to stealing data for nefarious objectives.An email appears to be from a reliable source, but it directs the unwitting receiver ... Read More

Winternitz One Time Signature SchemeRobert Winternitz proposed the W-OTS approach. It is thought to be quantum resilient since it uses modest key and signature sizes.It generates 32 ☓ 256 bit random private keys in total.We then have this a number of times, and a parameter (W) is used to define ... Read More

Digital Service UnitA Digital Service Unit (DSU) is a piece of hardware that connects a Local Area Network (LAN) to an external communication carrier service via a Channel Service Unit (CSU).A DSU is a device with two or more ports, one designated as the WAN port and the other as ... Read More

What is DDNS?The Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) is a protocol that provides DNS extensions that allow DNS servers to accept requests to dynamically add, update, and delete entries in the DNS database.A DDNS server can serve both static and dynamic domains at the same time, since DDNS is a ... Read More

Authentication, Authorization, and AccountingAuthentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is a structural framework for gaining access to computer resources, enforcing policies, auditing, providing critical information for service invoicing, and other network administration and security procedures.This procedure is mostly used to allow specified and valid users access to network and software application ... Read More

Shielded Twisted PairIBM invented the shielded twisted pair (STP) cable for token ring networks, including two independent wires coated in a foil shielding that prevents electromagnetic interference and speeds up data transmission.STP cables are protected with additional foil or copper knitting jackets to help protect cable signals from interference.STP cables ... Read More

Multiple Spanning Tree ProtocolMultiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) is an algorithm that enables easy and full connectivity provided to any Virtual LAN (VLAN) across an Integrated Area Network.MSTP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to transmit information to tree-related devices by identifying practical ways to prevent loopholes in the MSTI ... Read More

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)The Routing Information Protocol (RIP), which uses the hop count as a routing measure, is one of the oldest distance-vector routing technologies. RIP eliminates routing loops by restricting the number of hops permitted in a path from source to destination.RIP permits a maximum of 15 hops, which ... Read More

A virtual circuit (VC) transfers data via a packet-switched network that makes it look like the source and destination end systems of the data are connected by a dedicated physical link. The terms "virtual circuit" and "virtual connection" are interchangeable.A "call setup" must be established between two or more nodes ... Read More

Peer-to-Peer NetworkingPeer-to-peer computing, also known as peer-to-peer networking, is a shared application development that separates tasks or peer-to-peer workloads.Peers are participants in the application who have the same opportunity and are similarly capable. They are supposed to create a peer-to-peer node network.A collection of computers is joined together with equal ... Read More