Introduction Stone ages are divided into old and new depending on their characteristics. However, as is obvious, in both ages, the use of stone as a tool was prevalent. The new stone age is also called the neolithic era. The term neo is taken from Greek which means new. So ... Read More

Introduction Did you know besides animals, plants and humans, even bacteria get infected by a virus? These viruses are termed “bacteriophages”, derived from the Greek word “phagein” which means “to prey upon”. Bacteriophages infect the bacteria and grow inside them, as it is well known that viruses need a host ... Read More

Introduction Genetics is the study of the transfer of genetic traits or characters from the parent to their offspring (heredity). Bacteria is often used as a model to study the replication, transcription, translation, genetic code, and genetic variations, including mutations. E.coli is the commonly preferred model organism used because it has a ... Read More

Introduction Environmental movements are social or political movements aiming to protect the environment from degradation. This can include protecting biodiversity or saving trees from being logged. India has witnessed some major environmental movements that date back to the 1700s. Even in the present era, some environmental movements are in place. ... Read More

Introduction For optimum health, the body must maintain a balance of acidity. Too much acidity or alkalinity in the body can have detrimental effects on health. Acidosis may result from specific health problems, prescription medicines, and dietary choices. While some types of acidosis are treatable, severe acidosis can be lethal ... Read More

Introduction Symmetry describes the harmony or agreement between an organism's dimensions. Since most living species share the form of symmetry they exhibit with their most recent common ancestor, symmetry is employed in the animal kingdom to both classify organisms and identify their common ancestors. Animal Characterization Using Body Symmetry Based ... Read More

One of the most complex and compact forms of packaging could be found in the way DNA is packed inside the cell. Although DNA is very tiny, at about 2.6 nm, it runs into lengthy ribbons that should be tightly wound into coils to be contained inside the cell. ... Read More

Introduction DNA is an extremely tiny structure that is closely packed inside every cell giving constant instructions on how to operate an individual’s body. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the genetic molecule responsible for transmitting the characteristics of parents to children. Present inside the nucleus of the cell, DNA determines the ... Read More

DNA is a double-stranded structure found in eukaryotes (multi-cell organisms) whereas RNA (Ribonucleic acid) are single-stranded structure found in prokaryotes (single-cell organisms like bacteria). During transcription, the DNA is converted into RNA inside the nucleus of a cell. Once converted the messenger RNA (mRNA) comes out of the nucleus and ... Read More

Introduction During the 1940s when scientists found non-chromosomal DNA that’s responsible for antibody resistance, they called it by several names. Episomes, plasmagenes, plastogenes and bioblasts were some of the terms scientists called them. In 1952, Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg was the first to coin the term ‘plasmid’ by combining cytoplasm ... Read More