The css is one of the important locators in Selenium. A customized css can be developed with the help of attributes like id, classname and by the combination of tagname and html attributes.The ways of creating a css are listed below −Using a class name html attribute.This will select the web element of that particular class represented by (.)classname.Syntax −driver. find_element_by_css_selector(".name")Here name is the value of the attribute class.Using an id html attribute.This will select the web element of that particular id represented by (#) id.Syntax−driver. find_element_by_css_selector("#search")Here search is the value of the attribute id.Using a combination of tagname and ... Read More

We can create a customized xpath with the help of the visible text on the page. This is achieved with the help of text() method in xpath.The text() finds the object with the exact text match on the page.Syntaxdriver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[text()='Selenium']")It will search for elements with visible text 'Selenium' on the page.ExampleCode Implementation with text().from selenium import webdriver #browser exposes an executable file #Through Selenium test we will invoke the executable file which will then #invoke actual browser driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="C:\chromedriver.exe") # to maximize the browser window driver.maximize_window() #get method to launch the URL driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm") #to refresh the browser driver.refresh() # identifying ... Read More

We can identify elements by matching its attributes partially with the help of regular expressions. In xpath, there are multiple methods to achieve this. They are listed below −Using the contains() method. This means the string contains our given text.Syntax −driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[contains(@name, 'sel')]")It will search the input tag which contains the 'name' attribute containing 'sel' text.Using the starts-with() method. This means the string starts with our given text.Syntax −driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[starts-with (@name, 'Tut')]")It will search the input tag which contains the 'name' attribute starting with 'Tut' text.Using the ends-with() method. This means the string ends with our given text.Syntaxdriver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[ends-with (@name, 'nium')]")It will search ... Read More

We can identify elements by matching its attributes partially with the help of regular expressions. In css, there are multiple methods to achieve this. They are listed below −Using the wild character *. This means the string contains our given text.Syntax−driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name*='sel']")It will search the input tag which contains the 'name' attribute containing 'sel' text.Using the wild character ^. This means the string starts with our given text.Syntax−driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name^='Tut']")It will search the input tag which contains the 'name' attribute starting with 'Tut' text.Using the wild character $. This means the string ends with our given text.Syntax−driver.find_element_by_css_selector("input[name$='nium']")It will search the input tag which ... Read More

The different locators used in Selenium with python are listed below.Id - The element is identified with its id attribute. NoSuchElementException raised if element with matching id is not available.Syntax −driver.find_element_by_id("id")Name - The element is identified with its name attribute. NoSuchElementException raised if element with matching name is not available.Syntax −driver.find_element_by_name("name")Xpath - The element is identified with the attributes and tagname. There are two types of xpath – absolute and relative.Syntax −driver.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@type='type']")CSS - The element is identified with the help of css expression built with the help of attributes like id, class and tagName. NoSuchElementException raised if element with matching ... Read More

We can write a text file in Selenium with python by first creating a txt file and having a content on it.First of all, we need to open the file in write mode and mention the path of the location of the text file as an argument. There are multiple reading methods to perform these operations.write() – It writes the string in one line in a text file.writelines() – It writes more than one string in a text file.ExampleCode Implementation with write().#open the file for write operation f = open('hello.txt' , 'w') #writes the new content f.write('Tutorialspoint') #close the file ... Read More

The differences between readline() and readlines() methods are listed below.readlines()This method will read the entire content of the file at a time.This method reads all the file content and stores it in the list.This method reads up to the end of the line with readline () and returns a list.readline()This method will read one line in a file.A new line character is left at the string end and is ignored for the last line provided the file does not finish in a new line.This method reads up to the end of the line with readline() and returns a list.ExampleCode Implementation ... Read More

We can read a text file in Selenium with python by first creating a txt file and having a content on it.First of all, we need to open the file and mention the path of the location of the text file as an argument. There are multiple reading methods to perform these operations.read() – It reads the entire content of the file.read(n) – It reads n characters of the text file.readline() – It reads character line by line at a time. If we need to read the first two lines, the readline() method is to be used twice.readlines() – it reads ... Read More

We can close a browser session in Selenium by the following ways −Using the close() method.Using the quit() method.Both these methods close the browser, but close() the browser in focus and quit() ends the driver session.ExampleCode Implementation with close().from selenium import webdriver #browser exposes an executable file #Through Selenium test we will invoke the executable file which will then #invoke actual browser driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="C:\chromedriver.exe") # to maximize the browser window driver.maximize_window() #get method to launch the URL driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm") #to refresh the browser driver.refresh() #to close the browser driver.close()Code Implementation with quit().from selenium import webdriver #browser exposes an executable file ... Read More

We can perform back and refresh in the browser in Selenium.For performing back operation in the browser, the back method is to be used.For refreshing the browser, refresh method is to be used.Both these methods can be used for testing browser navigations and reloading of web pages.ExampleCode Implementationfrom selenium import webdriver #browser exposes an executable file #Through Selenium test we will invoke the executable file which will then #invoke actual browser driver = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="C:\chromedriver.exe") # to maximize the browser window driver.maximize_window() #get method to launch the URL driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm") # to print the page title in console print(driver.title) # to print ... Read More