By default, the X−axis labels are plotted on the bottom−axis of the plot and that is referred to as the first axis of axis 1, the second axis is the axis on the left−side, the third axis is the axis on the upper side of the plot, and the fourth axis is on the right−side of the plot. If we want to plot the X−axis labels on the upper−side of the plot then we can use xaxt="n" inside the plot function then define axis for upper−side using axis(3) with semi−colon.Example1xRead More

A list may contain many objects such as vector, matrix, data frame, list etc. In this way, we can have access to all the necessary objects at the same time. If we want to add a data frame inside a list then we can use the length of the list. For example, if we have a list defined as List and we want to add a data frame df to the List then it can be added as follows −List[[length(List)+1]]

The group−wise linear regression means creating regression model for group levels. For example, if we have a dependent variable y and the independent variable x also a grouping variable G that divides the combination of x and y into multiple groups then we can create a linear regression model for each of the group. In R, we can convert data frame to data.table object, this will help us to create the regression models easily.Example Live DemoConsider the below data frame −G1

To create a vector of data frame values by rows we can use c function after transposing the data frame with t. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains many columns then the df values can be transformed into a vector by using c(t(df)), this will print the values of the data frame row by row.Example1 Live Demoset.seed(798) x1

To create a character vector in R we can enclose the vector values in double quotation marks but if we want to use a data frame values to create a character vector then as.character function can be used. For example, if we have a data frame df then all the values in the df can form a character vector using as.character(df[]).Example1 Live Demox1

Line types can be very different and they are helpful to differentiate among different variables. Mostly, it is used to plot trend data so that the trend for different variables can be visualized with a unique line. In R, we can use matplot function to create such type of multiple lines chart.Example1 Live DemoM1

A Polynomial regression model is the type of model in which the dependent variable does not have linear relationship with the independent variables rather they have nth degree relationship. For example, a dependent variable x can depend on an independent variable y-square. There are two ways to create a polynomial regression in R, first one is using polym function and second one is using I() function.Example1set.seed(322) x1

The relative frequency is the proportion of something out of total. For example, if we have 5 bananas, 6 guava, 10 pomegranates then the relative frequency of banana would be 5 divided by the total sum of 5, 6, and 10 that is 21 hence it can be also called proportional frequency.Example1 Live DemoConsider the below data frame −set.seed(21) x%mutate(freq=n/sum(n)) `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument) # A tibble: 4 x 3Outputx n freq 1 A 3 0.15 2 B 7 0.35 3 C 7 0.35 4 D 3 0.15 Warning message: `...` is not empty. We ... Read More

In a bar plot, each bar represents one category of a single categorical variable but in a stacked bar plot, the bars represent same categorical variable but each divided into sub-categories. If we want to have similar distribution of colors in each bar then col argument with barplot function can be used.Example1 Live DemoM1

Often values are repeated that generate duplication in the data and we might want to get rid of those values if they are not likely to create bias in the output of the analysis. For example, if we have a column that defines a process and we take the output of the process five times but it takes the same output all the time then we might want to use only one output.Example1 Live DemoConsider the below data frame −ID