The Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for penetration testing and digital forensics adopted by both hackers and security professionals. It is highly probable that the user could not have been login owing to the forgotten password or not able to reset the password after installing it in the virtual environment or in the dual boot along with other OS. Hence, this article is designed to teach the aspiring penetration tester how to reset the Kali Linux password.The user is, typically stuck by confronting the following experience while not able to login to the Kali system as follows.But, ... Read More

In a computer network, the network service runs a software in each of the computers that are part of the network. In Linux System this network software uses a protocol called TCP or UDP along with port number. TCP is known as transmission control protocol and UDP is known as user datagram protocol. In this article we will see how to watch the ports are sockets which are running on this protocols on a real time basis.List of Open PortsAs a first step we look for the open ports that are available in the system. Bye open we mean the ... Read More

The man pages are important reference pages for any Unix user. But their look and feel is very boring because it is just lines of text with some punctuations. In this article we will see how the different parts of the man pages can be coloured and highlighted. That will make it very easy to follow the instructions in the man pages.Using mostThe most command can be used to display the colour man pages but first we have to install it and then add to our bash profile so that it becomes available in the environment. The below command shows ... Read More

Sometimes a Unix command may run for a very long time without giving the final output or it make a processing giving partial output from time to time. In such scenario we will like to put a time frame within which either the command mast complete for the process should abort. This is achieved by using below options.Using timeout ToolThe Timeout tool forces a command tour abort if it cannot complete within a given time frame. Below is the syntax and example.Syntaxtimeout DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... Where Duration is the number seconds you want the command to run Before aborting ... Read More

Many times we need to search for a particular string which may be present in multiple files. In this article we'll see which commands to use to find all the files that contains a particular string or Word.Using grepIt is a powerful regular expression search tool. At a basic level , it will match an input string with the list of files that contain that string.Below is the syntax and the example.grep 'string' directory-path/*.* #Example grep 'config' hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/*.*Running the above code gives us the following result −hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/capacity-scheduler.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/hadoop-policy.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/httpfs-site.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/kms-acls.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/kms-site.xml: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml.template: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/ssl-client.xml.example: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/ssl-server.xml.example: hadoop-2.6.5/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml:Using grep -rIn ... Read More

The Linux GUI based terminal window has many colours and font settings which can be enhanced as per the user choice. All these can be done using the shell commands and not just by clicking mouse buttons in the GUI component settings.Most of these settings are handled through variables whose value can be changed or assigned by commands. In this article we will see how to handle the terminal prompt settings in Ubuntu based systems.The PS1 VariableIt is a environment variable which controls the primary prompt string which is displayed when the shell is ready to read a command. There ... Read More

Using the characters like - , / or | and many other from the keyboard, we can create animation characters. These characters can be static as well as moving in the screen. All this involves programming using shell scripting. These scripts are bundled into libraries or packages which can be installed in the terminal. Below we will see the examples of these animations.A Running TrainThis package produces a train animation when run from the terminal. But first we install it and then simple type sl in the terminal.$ sudo apt-get install sl $ slRunning the above code gives us the ... Read More

The hard disk in a computer is formatted with specific file system so that the operating system can read and write into it. For UNIX based systems we have various type of file systems. In this article we will see how to format a new partition in hard disk with ext4 file system.Available Filesystem typesFirst we see what are the different file systems available for the current operating system. The below command lists all those file systems.$ ls -1 /sbin/mkfs*Running the above code gives us the following result −/sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.bfs /sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.ext4 /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev /sbin/mkfs.fat /sbin/mkfs.minix /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkfs.ntfs /sbin/mkfs.vfatLook ... Read More

We often need to customise the operating system to become useful to our own preferences like the language we want to use the time zone we are in the type of currency which would become the default currency in the OS etc. In this article we will see how to customise these options which is known as locale.Current localeWe can check the current locally by using the locale command as shown below. We get list of variables which can be reset to a different value as per our choice later$ localeRunning the above code gives us the following result −LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ... Read More

Sometimes there may be too many columns crammed into a single file. That makes it difficult to read the content of the file and point out which data belongs to which column. In order to have a better view, we ca use certain commands that will allocate space between the columns and also mark some separation characters that will make it clear to see the beginning and end of the column.Sample FileLets’ look at the below sample file which we will use to demonstrate the column command. $ cat iris.dataRunning the above code gives us the following result −Id, SepalLengthCm, ... Read More