MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a highly lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is helpful for the connection with the remote location where the bandwidth is a premium. These features make it useful in multiple situations, including a stable environment such as communication machine to machine and the internet.MQTT was initially invented and developed by IBM in the late 1990s. Its original application was to link sensors on oil pipelines with satellites. It is a messaging protocol that provides asynchronous communication between parties. An asynchronous messaging protocol decouples the message sender and receiver in both ... Read More

I2C stands for the inter-integrated controller. This is a serial communication protocol that can connect low-speed devices. It is a master-slave communication in which we can connect and control multiple slaves from a single master. In this, each slave device has a specific address.The I2C is developed to overcome the complexities of transmitting data through other communication protocols, including Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).UART is an asynchronous transmission protocol. It is a device using them that should agree ahead of time on a data cost. The clocks of the machines should also have clocks with ... Read More

Windows NT was produced by Microsoft in July 1993. Its 1st version was Windows NT 31 and windows 31 advanced server. It is processor independent multiprocessing, multiuser and component based on 2000.FeaturesThere are various features of Windows NT, which are as follows −It implements pre-emptive multitasking and multithreading operations.It supports multiple CPU systems with SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing technology).Its security meets the US Department of Defence’s C2 standard.The NT system is a popular network operating system because of its low price, strong application service capability, high performance, and rich software.It supports various hardware platforms such as CISI (Intel system) and RISC ... Read More

A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and permits or blocks data packets based on a set of security rules. Its purpose is to establish a barrier between your internal network and incoming traffic from external sources (such as the internet) to block malicious traffic such as viruses and hackers.There are various types of firewalls in a computer network, which are as follows −Packet Filtering FirewallsA packet filtering firewall is an essential type of firewall. It facilitates a management program that monitors web traffic and filters incoming packets based on configured security methods.These ... Read More

A firewall is a network security tool that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and determines whether to allow or block definite traffic based on a defined collection of security rules.The primary purpose is to enable non-threatening traffic and avoid malicious or unwanted data traffic for protecting the system from viruses and attacks. A firewall is a cybersecurity device that filters network traffic and supports users to block malicious software from creating the Internet in infected computers.Software vs Hardware FirewallsFirewalls can be hardware or software. In addition to reducing access to a protected device and network, a firewall can chunk ... Read More

VLAN stands for Virtual LAN. It is a logical grouping of network devices. When we create VLAN, we break the large broadcast domain into smaller broadcast domains. Consider VLAN as a subnet. The same as two different subnets cannot communicate without a router, and different VLANs also require the router to transmit.FeaturesThere are various features of VLAN, which are as follows −Virtual LANs offer structure for creating groups of devices, even if their networks are different.It can raise the broadcast domains possible in a LAN.VLANs can be performing VLANs reduces the security risks as the number of hosts connected to ... Read More

MIB stands for Management Information Base. It is a hierarchical virtual database of network (or other entity) objects describing a device being monitored by a network management system (NMS). A MIB can be used by Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and remote monitoring 1 (RMON1).The MIB database of objects is intended to reference a complete collection of management information on an entity, such as a computer network; however, it is often used to refer to a subset of the database and is often called a MIB module.It is a virtual database used to define the functional and operational aspects of ... Read More

SMI stands for Structure of Management Information. It defines the rules for describing managed objects. In the SNMP framework, managed objects reside in a virtual database called the management information base (MIB). Collection of related objects are defined in MIB modules. The modules are written using a subset of abstract syntax notation, describing the data structures in a machine-dependent language.SNMP uses a basic encoding rule to transmit the data structure across the network without ambiguity. There are several data types that are allowed in SMI are integers, octet string, NULL & object, identifier, user-defined data types based on application.Primitives (Integer, ... Read More

The manager sends a request to an agent, and the agent responds to the request, known as Request/Response interaction. The request is usually used to retrieve or modify management information associated with the network device.Requests which are generated by the manager can be as follows −Get request-PDU − In this manager generates a request for requesting information on specific variables.Get Bulk request Bulk − The manager generates a request for bulk information retrieval introduced in SNMP version 2. It allows the return of as much information as possible in a packet.Set request PDU − It creates or modifies management information ... Read More

SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is an Internet-standard protocol for handling devices on IP networks. Devices that typically provide SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more. It is used mainly in the network management framework to monitor network-attached computers for conditions requiring regulatory attention.It is a framework for managing devices on the Internet using the TCP-IP protocol suite. It supports a set of fundamental operations for monitoring and maintaining the Internet.SNMP ConceptSNMP facilitates the concept of manager and agent. A manager, generally a host, controls and monitors a group of agents, usually routers. ... Read More