IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. It is a standard protocol for creating email on a small server from a local user. It is an application-layer Internet Protocol utilizing the basic transport layer protocols to create host-to-host communication services for applications. This enables the use of a remote mail server. The well-known port location for IMAP is 143.The IMAP architecture allows users to send and receive emails through a small server without support from a specific device. This type of email access is the goal for travelers receiving or answering emails from their home desktop or office system.This method ... Read More

The parallel transmission defines a transmission structure that shares multiple data bits at a similar time over separate media. In general, parallel transmission can be used with a wired channel that uses multiple, separate wires.The figure given below shows the concept and shows why engineers use the term parallel to characterize the wiring.The figure omits two important elements. First, in addition to the parallel wires that each hold data, a parallel interface generally includes other wires that enable the sender and receiver to coordinate. Second, to create installation and troubleshooting simply, the wires for a parallel transmission system are located ... Read More

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single transmission path, such as cable or wireless system. Each carrier is modulated by the data such as text, voice, video etc. Orthogonal FDM spread spectrum technique distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. This spacing provides the “orthogonality.” This technique, which avoids the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own.The basic approach of OFDM is shown in the figure below −The benefit of OFDM is high spectral efficiency, resiliency due to RF interference and lower ... Read More

Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology measure for exchanging information over short areas (using short-wavelength radio channels in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from permanent and mobile devices.It can be creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. It was made by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, and it was initially conceived as a wireless method to RS-232 data cables. It can connect multiple devices, overcoming issues of synchronization.Bluetooth is handled by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 14, 000 member companies in telecommunication, computing, networking, and used electronics. Bluetooth is a free ... Read More

This Algorithm changes its routing persistence to pursue changes within the topology and traffic also. Routing decisions are often changed when network topology and load change. Adaptive routing aims to assist avoid packet delivery failure, improve network performance and relieve network congestion.Adaptive routing can generate nodes to develop into overloaded because of the complex processing decisions they create. Because routers send data about the network topology, adaptive routing is often less ensure than non-adaptive routing processes and needed more bandwidth.It is equivalent to GPS, which uses data about road conditions to redirect drivers, adaptive routing uses data about network congestion ... Read More

The services of the network layer are routing the packets from source to destination devices. It can do this in a single pass or many passes. The algorithm which selects the routes and data structures that they facilitate is known as the routing algorithm. This is a significant field of network layer design. They are that element of network layer application responsible for transmitting the output channel for an incoming packet.In the case of datagrams, the decisions create new for each appearing data packet, and in the case of the virtual circuit, they are made only once, i.e., when a ... Read More

This layer is the third layer of the OSI model, and it is the lowest layer that manages end to end transmission and provides services to the transport layer. The network layer’s primary role is to route the messages associated with the higher protocol layer above it and across the network (the network which links the distributed DTEs systems).The Network Layer can operate both in a connectionless-mode as well as in a connectionoriented mode. In LANs, the frame is addressed and routed between nodes attached to the same LAN using their point of attachment address.The network layer is also known ... Read More

Protocols define a collection of rules or conventions for executing a definite function. It is a collection of the requirements that can manage the data link layer. The fundamental goals of computer broadcasting in a system environment are to transmit a limitless huge message from the source hub to the destination hub.The major service of the Data Link Layer is to send the datagram across a single connection. In Data Link Layer, the datagram can be managed by various link layer protocols on multiple connections in a path. For example, the datagram is managed by Ethernet on the primary link, ... Read More

Datagram ApproachA packet-switching technology in which a packet exists is called a datagram. It is treated as a separate entity. Each packet includes data about the destination, and the switch helps this data forward the packet to the right destination. It is also known as connectionless switching.Virtual CircuitVirtual Circuit is also referred to as connection-oriented switching. A fixed, consistent direction through the transmitter’s network is settled in the virtual circuit method earlier any packets are transmitted. This direction remains constant for the session period.DifferencesThe major differences between the datagram approach and virtual circuit are as follows −Datagram ApproachVirtual CircuitThere is ... Read More

There are two essential Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services offered in computer network, which are as follows −Basic Rate Interface (BRI)It consists of 2B + D channels which stand for 2 Bearer medium of 64 kbps each for data and one D channel of 16 Kbps for handshaking and control. It can have a separate track for handshaking and control is known as 'out of band' signaling.Primary Rate Interface (PRI)It consists of 23B + D channels that stand for 23 Bearer medium of 64 kbps each for data and one D medium of 64 Kbps for handshaking control. The ... Read More