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C++ Articles
Page 575 of 597
Difference between set, multiset, unordered_set, unordered_multiset in C++
Here we will see what are the differences for set, multiset, unordered_set and unordered_multiset in C++. Let us see the properties of them using some example.SetThe properties of set are like belowStores data in sorted orderStores only unique valuesWe can insert or delete data, but cannot change the dataWe can remove more than one element using start and end iteratorWe can traverse using iteratorsSets are implemented using Binary Search TreeNow let us see an exampleExample#include #include using namespace std; main() { int data[15] = {11, 55, 22, 66, 33, 22, 11, 44, 77, 88, 66, 99, 66, 23, 41}; set my_set; for(int i = 0; i
Read MoreRule Of Three in C++
The Rule of three is a rule of thumb when using C++. This is kind of a good practice rule that says that If your class needs any ofa copy constructor, an assignment operator, or a destructor, defined explicitly, then it is likely to need all three of them.Why is this? It’s because, if your class requires any of the above, it is managing dynamically allocated resources and would likely be needing the other to successfully achieve that. For example, if you require an assignment operator, you would be creating copies of objects currently being copied by reference, hence allocating ...
Read MoreWhen are Constructors Called in C++?
Here we will see, when constructors are called. Here constructors are of different types. Global, local, static local, dynamic.For the global object, the constructors are called before entering into the main function.Example#include using namespace std; class MyClass { public: MyClass() { cout
Read MoreWhat is the size of int, long type as per C++ standard?
Here we will see what are the sizes of the int and long type data in C++. The sizes are depending on the system architecture and the Operating system.So in the 32-bit system, the standard is ILP32. In this standard the int, long and the pointer variables are of 32-bits.For the 64-bit system there are two variations. For Linux Operating system the standard is LP64. Here long and pointer are of 64-bits, but int are of 32-bits. For the Windows operating system, the standard is LLP64. Here long long is 64-bit, but int and long are of 32-bits.Example#include using ...
Read MoreHow to execute a command and get output of command within C++ using POSIX?
Here we will see how to use the POSIX command through C++. The process is very simple, we have to use the function called system(). Inside this we have to pass string. That string will contain the POSIX command. The syntax is like below.system(“command”)Example#include using namespace std; int main () { cout
Read MoreHow to automatically generate a stacktrace when a gcc C++ program crashes?
For Linux and we can use gcc to compile C/C++ codes. This compiler uses glibc library. We can use the backtrace() function to trace the error. This function is present inside the execinfo.h header file. In this example, we are going to display Segmentation fault error using the stack trace feature.Example#include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; void error_handler(int sig) { void *array[10]; size_t size; size = backtrace(array, 10); //get the void pointers for all of the entries cout
Read MoreHow do I generate random floats in C++?
In C or C++, we cannot create random float directly. We can create random floats using some trick. We will create two random integer values, then divide them to get random float value.Sometimes it may generate an integer quotient, so to reduce the probability of that, we are multiplying the result with some floating point constant like 0.5.Example#include #include #include using namespace std; main() { srand((unsigned int)time(NULL)); float a = 5.0; for (int i=0;i
Read MoreWhat is the difference between static_cast<> and C style casting?
Here we will see what are the differences between static_cast and normal C style cast.The normal cast like (int)x is C style typecasting where static_cast(x) is used in C++.This static_cast() gives compile time checking facility, but the C style casting does not support that. This static_cast() can be spotted anywhere inside a C++ code. And using this C++ cast the intensions are conveyed much better.In C like cast sometimes we can cast some type pointer to point some other type data.Like one integer pointer can also point character type data, as they are quite similar, only difference is character has ...
Read MoreHow to make the program sleep for x milliseconds in C++?
Here we will see how to sleep for x (given by user) milliseconds in C++ program.To do this thing we can use different libraries. But here we are using the clock() function. The clock() will return the current CPU time. Here we will try to find the ending time from the clock, and the given x value. Then for that amount of time, we will run one blank while loop to take the time. Here one macro is used called CLOCKS_PER_SEC, this finds the number of clock ticks per second.Let us see the code to get the better idea about ...
Read MoreHow to print Unicode character in C++?
To print the Unicode characters, the process is very similar to the actual printing process in C++.We can put the Unicode value with the prefix \u. Thus we can successfully print the Unicode character.Note: If the console does not support Unicode, then you cannot get the correct result. Here we have used the Linux system to solve this problem.Example#include using namespace std; int main() { cout
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