Found 1261 Articles for Computers

High level language is the next development in the evolution of computer languages. Examples of some high-level languages are given belowPROLOG (for “PROgramming LOGic”)FORTRAN (for ‘FORrmula TRANslation’)LISP (for “LISt Processing”)Pascal (named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal).High-level languages are like English-like language, with less words also known as keywords and fewer ambiguities. Each high level language will have its own syntax and keywords. The meaning of the word syntax is grammar.Now let us discuss about the disadvantages of high-level languagesA high level language program can’t get executed directly. It requires some translator to get it translated to machine language. There ... Read More

After machine level language, the next level of development in the evolution of computer languages was the Assembly Language. Machine level language uses only the binary language. But on the other hand, assembly language uses mnemonics or symbolic instructions in place of a sequence of 0s and 1s. As example, we can consider that, to add register A and B in a particular computer, assembly language uses the mnemonic ‘ADD B’ in place of 10001111. In assembly language, we use symbolic names to denote addresses and data. A number of such examples are dealt with in the successive chapters. Thus ... Read More

Computer can understand only the language of Digital Electronics. Digital Electronics deals with presence and absence of voltages. Within the computer there are two logics can play their role. These logics are −Positive Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 1 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 0Negative Logic −Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 0 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 1But obviously computer can follow anyone of the logics at a time, not both the logics simultaneously. To make the computer understand, a program can be written using only ... Read More

There are mainly three different languages with the help of which we can develop computer programs. And they areMachine Level languageAssembly Level Language andHigh-Level LanguageMachine Level LanguageThe computer can understand only the language of Digital Electronics. Digital Electronics deals with the presence and absence of voltages. Within the computer there are two logics can play their role. These logics are −Positive Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 1 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 0Negative Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 0 and absence of voltage will be denoted by ... Read More

Let us discuss Microcomputer, Microprocessor, and Microcontroller in this article and also to highlight their respective differences in between. MicrocomputerA microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present on a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in the coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production, they are becoming still cheaper. Initially, in the earlier ... Read More

A Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters) etc.Types of MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their typesBit − Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.8-bit microcontroller  − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For ... Read More

The processor on a single chip is called a Microprocessor which can process micro-instructions. Instructions in the form of 0s and 1s are called micro-instructions. The microprocessor is the CPU part of a microcomputer, and it is also available as a single integrated circuit. Thus as main components, the microprocessor will have the Control Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of a microcomputer. An example is Intel 8085 microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor features, a microcomputer will have the following additional features −ROM / PROM / EPROM / EEPROM for storing programRAM for storing data, intermediate results, ... Read More

A microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present in a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production they are becoming still cheaper. Initially in the earlier days they were not very much powerful. Their internal operations and instructions were very much limited and restricted. But ... Read More

CPU and the main memory are having speed faster compared to the electromechanical input or output devices like printers, mouse etc. In such a case it is essential that the data lines of the computer should not kept engaged for a long time during communication with input/output (I/O) devices. Otherwise as an effect, the overall speed of the computer system comes down drastically. So I/O devices are connected to a computer through I/O ports.For example, to get a document printed by the printer, phase wise printer will get required information from the CPU to carry out the printing process. After ... Read More

During the execution of a program, the control unit fetches one instruction at a time from the main memory and then executes it. In this execution process, it takes help of ALU, if the instruction execution involves arithmetic or logical operation (like AND, OR, Ex-OR). After execution of the current instruction, the CPU fetches the next instruction for execution. This process continues until the program is completed and the result is output using the output device. In many computers, the control unit and the ALU are integrated into a single block, known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists ... Read More