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Computer Network Articles
Page 7 of 122
What are the FTP Connections?
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) uses two separate connections to facilitate communication between client and server. Understanding these connections is crucial for comprehending how FTP operates efficiently for file transfers. Control Connection The control connection is established first and remains active throughout the entire FTP session. This connection handles all commands and responses between the client and server. The establishment process involves two steps: The server issues a passive open on the well-known port 21 and waits for a client connection. The client uses an ephemeral port and issues an active open to ...
Read MoreWhat is Analog to Digital Conversion?
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of converting continuous analog signals into discrete digital signals. This conversion is essential in digital communication systems to enable processing, transmission, and storage of analog information in digital format. Consider human speech, which naturally exists as an analog signal with continuous variations in amplitude and frequency. To transmit or process this voice digitally, we need to convert the analog signal into a series of discrete digital values that are less susceptible to noise and distortion. Analog to Digital Conversion Process ...
Read MoreWhat is High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)?
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a bit-oriented data link layer protocol standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It enables reliable, high-speed communication by providing error detection, flow control, and frame sequencing for data transmission between network devices. HDLC was developed based on IBM's Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol. Unlike character-oriented protocols, HDLC can transmit bit strings of variable length, making it more flexible and efficient. The basic unit of data communication in HDLC is called a frame. HDLC Frame Types HDLC defines three types of frames to support different communication modes and configurations: ...
Read MoreHow to remove Load-use delay in Computer Architecture?
The layout of a processor pipeline significantly affects load-use delay — the time between when data is loaded from memory and when it can be used by subsequent instructions. Understanding how different pipeline architectures handle this delay is crucial for optimizing processor performance. Load-Use Delay in Different Pipeline Architectures RISC (4-stage) F D E W 1 cycle delay ...
Read MoreImportance of Formal Information Security Education
Having the right people learn the right things and having metrics in place to ensure knowledge transfer has occurred are both crucial reasons why formal information security education is essential. This education includes attending classes in person, participating in online training courses either live or via recordings, or self-learning through printed materials. You wouldn't trust a doctor who has only read books about medicine without attending medical school, or have someone defend you in court who has only read law books but never graduated from law school. Similarly, cybersecurity professionals need structured, formal education to effectively protect organizations from ...
Read MoreHow do you measure Network Performance?
The examination and review of collective network information to describe the quality of services delivered by the underlying computer network is known as network performance. It is a qualitative and quantitative procedure that assesses and defines a network's performance level. Network performance measurement assists administrators in reviewing, evaluating, and improving network services to ensure optimal user experience and efficient resource utilization. Parameters Used to Measure Network Performance The following key parameters are used to measure network performance: Bandwidth − Maximum data transfer capacity Throughput − Actual data transfer rate achieved Latency − Time delay for ...
Read MorePreventing Equifax-Style Hacks
The Equifax data breach settlement brought cybersecurity back into the national conversation, highlighting critical vulnerabilities in enterprise security practices. The breach exposed personal data of over 140 million Americans, demonstrating how organizations can fall victim to preventable security flaws when proper security measures are not implemented. The root cause lies in technical debt — when organizations fail to keep their applications updated with the latest patches and security fixes. This leaves systems vulnerable to Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs), creating entry points for cybercriminals. The 2017 Equifax Incidents Equifax experienced two major security incidents in 2017. The ...
Read MoreWhat are the different types of Castings in computer networks?
Transmitting data in the form of packets over the internet is called casting. It refers to the method used to deliver data from one or more sources to one or more destinations across a network. Types of Casting The different types of casting are as follows: Unicast − Transmitting data from one host to another host (one-to-one) Broadcast − Transmitting data from one host to many hosts (one-to-all) Multicast − Transmitting data from one host to a particular group of hosts (one-to-many) Types of ...
Read MoreWhat is binary countdown protocol in computer networks?
The Binary Countdown Protocol is a collision-free medium access control method that resolves contention among multiple stations wanting to transmit simultaneously. It uses station addresses to determine transmission priority through a distributed arbitration process. This protocol belongs to the family of collision-free protocols, which includes: Bit-map protocol − Uses reservation bits Token passing − Circulates control tokens Binary countdown − Uses address-based arbitration How Binary Countdown Works The protocol operates through the following mechanism: Address Broadcasting − When a station wants to transmit, it broadcasts its address as a binary string, starting ...
Read MoreWhat are the different access technologies in computer networks?
Access networks are the infrastructure that connects end users (homes, businesses, mobile devices) to their Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the broader internet. They represent the "last mile" connection between users and the core network infrastructure. Access networks serve as the bridge between end systems and the internet backbone, enabling users to send and receive data across global networks. The choice of access technology depends on factors like available infrastructure, required bandwidth, cost, and geographical location. Types of Access Technologies Modern access networks employ various technologies to provide connectivity: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) − Uses ...
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