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Biotechnology Articles
Page 24 of 29
In-Vitro Germplasm Conservation
Introduction Term Germplasm is explained as all the genotypes of a species that could be used for breeding a new genotype. Germplasm conservation is the most effective way for maintaining the genetic traits of endangered and commercially important plants. It must be protected to ensure variability for future species improvement. For plants, germplasm may be stored as pollen, seed, stems, calli, and even a whole plant whereas for animals, genes, and body parts are stored in a gene bank or cryobank. Conventional germplasm is considered as seeds stored at ambient temperature, low temperature, and ultra-low temperatures. But many seeds produce ...
Read MoreEffects of Plant Growth Regulators on In-Vitro Culture and Regeneration
What is Regeneration? Every organism either a plant or an animal has a natural ability to grow and regenerate to a variable extent. This includes an example that every day millions of cells die and for us to survive we need to replace them with new and healthy cells. Similarly, in a plant, if we cut a shoot or its part or perform cloning it will regrow itself. It is due to the meristem cells an organism produces new cells of the same type as well as different types which differentiates to form a specialized tissue, cells, organs, and even ...
Read MoreDifference Between Central Tolerance and Peripheral Tolerance
Introduction Normally our immune system shows a response towards the foreign antigen and does not act against self-antigens. This phenomenon is known as self-tolerance. It refers to the lack of responsiveness to the individual’s self-antigens. Hence tolerance is antigen-specific. Immune Response Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to the substances or tissues that are capable to induce an immune response. It differs from the conventional methods of immune-mediated elimination of foreign antigens. Due to random genetic recombinations, immune cells genetically express receptors for the specific self and foreign antigens in the ...
Read MoreDifference Between Biofilters and Bioscrubbers
Introduction Biofilters and Bioscrubbers are the two biotechnology systems that help in controlling air pollution and odor control. Here we use biological organisms for the removal of toxins as the harmful gases and odors caused by the activities of the industries and enterprises pose a great threat to human and environmental health. How Biological Control Systems Take Out the Odor? Typically, all the biological systems use naturally occurring bacteria that feed on odor-producing substances as a food choice. Some of the bacteria are listed below Acidophilus bacteria are primarily used for the removal of H2S odor. Specific bacteria ...
Read MoreCentral Tolerance or Negative Selection: Function, Mechanism and Associated Diseases
Introduction Our immune system produces a nearly infinite number of lymphocytes and each of these expresses unique antigen-specific receptors on its cell membrane. These receptors are encoded by the random re-arrangement of pre-existing gene segments. Antigen-specific receptors are usually generated in the early development stages of lymphocytes which is prior to the encounter with the specific antigens. These antigen-specific receptors on the T-cells are called TCR and on B cells called BCR. These lymphocyte receptors when encounters a specific antigen, get stimulated and undergo proliferation to produce the clone of specific lymphocytes, and at last these get differentiated into effector ...
Read MoreAntibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Introduction ADCC is a mechanism of cell-mediated immune response where an effector cell actively involves in the lysis of the target cells which have the antigens bound to the specific antibodies. If a human body is infected by several pathogens like bacteria, in that case, our body produces antibodies that can neutralize these pathogens. Here in this case of ADCC, several cellular mediators or the effector cells recognize one portion of these antibodies which are bound to the antigens, and engulf the whole cell coated by these antibodies. This is cell-mediated cytotoxicity as it involves the effector cells. ...
Read MoreAnther and Microspore Culture Through Micropropagation
What are Anther and Microspore Cultures? Anther culture is a technique where the developing anther that contains microspores is cut aseptically from unopened flower buds and then cultured on the nutrient medium for the purpose of generating haploid plants. Microspore or pollen culture is an in-vitro technique where the pollen grains at the uni-nucleated stage are isolated by squeezing from an intact anther and then cultured on a nutrient medium. Both the anther and pollen or microspore cultures are widely used for haploid production for crop improvement. Micropropagation It is the vegetative propagation (multiplication) of the plant under ...
Read MoreAgglutination - Definition, Reactions, and Applications
Introduction Agglutination is a type of antigen-antibody reaction where the antibody interacts with the particulate antigen which eventually gives us visible clumping. Here antigen is not soluble in the aqueous environment. Antibodies here are called agglutinins and antigens are called agglutinogens. Clumping is due to the cross-linking between a polyvalent antigen and agglutinins. RBC Agglutination Principle Antigens involved in the agglutination reaction are surface antigens present on erythrocytes, bacterial particles or antigens attached to some matrix. These particles involved in agglutination reaction should have multiple binding sites to form cross links resulting in clumping. To form a visible clumping ...
Read MoreV(D)J Recombination - A Defining Feature of the Adaptive Immune System
Introduction The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The immune system can be divided into two categories − Innate Immune System Adaptive Immune System. The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens, while the adaptive immune system provides a specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system is characterized by the ability to recognize and respond to specific pathogens and to retain a memory of past infections. The process that allows ...
Read MoreT Helper Cells and Their Role in Adaptive Immunity
Introduction T helper cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are a subset of T cells that recognize and respond to specific antigens, which are molecules that are unique to pathogens. T helper cells work in conjunction with other cells of the immune system, including B cells and macrophages, to mount an effective immune response against invading pathogens. The human body is constantly exposed to a wide range of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. These microorganisms can cause infections that can lead to serious illnesses, such ...
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