Found 8 Articles for Atoms

Introduction The neutron was believed to exist before its discovery in 1932 by English physicist Dr James Chadwick. For illustration, it was known that helium had only two protons while having an atomic mass of four. Moreover, after the discovery of neutrons and protons, there was also a new concept that come into play, Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones. The terms are very simple but based on the number of neutrons and protons in the atomic mass unit. What are neutrons? These are the 3 subatomic particles that compose an atom, and the neutron is one among them. It coexists ... Read More

Introduction Neutrons are also known as fundamental building blocks of matter. The rest mass of the neutron is equivalent to 1.67492749×10-27 kg which is just marginally more than that of the proton but about 1839 times more than that of the electron. The neutron seems to have no electric charge. Neutrons are widespread in the universe and account for more than half of all visible matter. Discovery of Neutron The identification of neutrons can be dated to 1930 when German nuclear physicists Herbert Becker and Walther Bothe realized that whenever the alpha particles ejected by polonium were impacted by comparatively ... Read More

Introduction Various scientists are making several attempts to measure the size of atoms. But Avogadro's hypothesis gives an important explanation for it. Avogadro's hypothesis was accepted after two years of Avogadro's death. It was accepted when Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to explain chemical exceptions to Avogadro's hypothesis. He explained and proved the relationship between atoms and molecules and the various weights of the materials. Now, we will discuss the Avogadro hypothesis and learn how to calculate the size of atom using Avogadro law. What was Avogadro? Amedeo Avogadro or full name Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro (Born ... Read More

Electron geometry and molecular geometry are two concepts that are important in the field of chemistry. These concepts are related to the arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the distribution of electrons around those atoms. Although these terms sound similar, there are fundamental differences between them that are important to understand. What is Electron Geometry? The term electron geometry refers to the name of the geometry of the electron pair/groups/domains on the central atom, whether they are bonding electrons or non-bonding electrons. Electron pairs are defined as electrons in pairs or bonds, lone pairs, or sometimes a single unpaired ... Read More

Introduction In the history of physics, the composition of matter was always a central question. The question “What is the universe made of?” is baffling scientists since ancient times. At the beginning of the 20th century, several experiments were carried out by the physicists like Thomson, Rutherford, etc. They found that an atom is made is not indivisible, and it is made of smaller particles. Slowly, it became clear that the atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus and the electrons revolve around it. In the 1930s, many physicists thought that the problem ... Read More

Introduction Van der Waals Equation is commonly known as the Van der Waals Equation for real or a mole of gases that does not follow the law of ideal games. As per the law of ideal gases that are PV = nRT, where P refers to the external or internal pressure applied to the gases, V stands for the volume, and n denotes the number of the moles. In this formula, T denotes the temperature and R stands for the universal gas constant. What is Van der Waals Equation? Van der Waals Equation in terms of real gases denotes the ... Read More

Introduction In the field of physics, the identification of fundamental structures is quite essential for the study of nuclei. However, the structure of the nucleus would not have been known to the world if Ernest Rutherford would not conduct the experiment of gold foil in understanding the structure of atoms. This is noted that earlier, the structure of an atom was seen as a pulp pudding model that is proposed by Thompson. In this model, it was thought that the pudding with the nucleus has positive materials, whereas, the plums denote the distribution of negative charges. Definition of nucleus ... Read More

Introduction In a shell model, the basic structure of a particular nucleus is demonstrated. According to this model, the neutrons and protons are situated in separate and different systems of shells. Significant analogous of a shell is also an important part of a shell model. At the outside of a nucleus, electrons are found. The shell model of the nuclear is an important model, associated with the model of the atomic nucleus. Among various shell models of the nucleus, the first one was introduced by Dmitry Ivanenko in 1932. In a shell model, principles of Pauli exclusion are used. ... Read More