Python Articles - Page 977 of 1048

In Python, the variables that are declared inside the class are known as attributes. These attributes can be accessed and modified by both the class and its objects. Following are the two types of attributes - Class Attributes: The attributes that are defined globally in the class are known as class attributes and can be accessed throughout the class itself and are shared between all class instances. They can be accessed using the class name. Instance Attributes: The attributes that are defined inside the __init__() method are known as instance attributes. ... Read More

A class is a group of items. It is a logical entity with a few unique attributes and methods. For instance, if you have a class for Cricket, it should have an attribute and method like players, tournaments, toss, runs, wickets, matches, etc. Use the keyword ‘class’ to create a class. Example: Following is a simple example of a class − Create the class named ‘Python’ and give it the property a − class Python: a = 36 This article demonstrates the following different ways to dynamically load a Python class. Using getattr() function The named attribute of ... Read More

There is a module name "enum" in python with the hep of which enum is used in python.#import enum import enum # use enum in class class Car(enum.Enum):    suzuki = 1    Hyundai = 2    Dezire = 3 print ("All the enum values are : ") for c in (Car):    print(c)

In this article we are going to discuss how to handle the circular dependency between Python classes. First of all, let us understand what is circular dependency. When two or more modules depend on one another, this is known as a circular dependency. This is because each module is defined in terms of the other module. Following is an example of circular dependency functionE(): functionF() And functionF(): functionE() The code shown above clearly shows a circular dependency. FunctionA() calls functionB(), which depends on it, and functionB() calls functionA().There are some apparent issues ... Read More

Python code is organized in files called "modules" and groups of related modules called “packages".A module is a distinct unit that may have one or more closely-related classes. Modules need to be imported before they are read, used, maintained and extended if needed. So a module is a unit or reuse.The rule is this: a module is the unit of reuse. Everything in Python libraries and other Python applications is either a module or a package of modules.There is no limit on how many classes one can put in a file or a module. It all depends on how big ... Read More

Using comparison operators, we may compare various data types in Python. When creating custom classes, we are unable to simply compare them using the comparison operators. This article will go over various approaches to verify equivalence ("equality") in Python classes. Equality of class objects The == operator makes it simple to determine whether two built-in objects, such as strings or integers, are equal. This is demonstrated in the example below. Example Following is an example of == operator − char1 = 365 char2 = 83 result = char1 == char2 print("{} and {} are equivalent to each other:{}".format(char1, char2, result)) ... Read More

In Python 2.x there's two styles of classes depending on the presence or absence of a built-in type as a base-class −"classic" style or old style classes have no built-in type as a base class: >>> class OldSpam:      # no base class ...     pass >>> OldSpam.__bases__ ()"New" style classes: they have a built-in type as a base class meaning that, directly or indirectly, they have object as a base class −>>> class NewSpam(object):           # directly inherit from object ...    pass >>> NewSpam.__bases__ (, ) >>> class IntSpam(int):       ... Read More

In Python 2.x there are two styles of classes depending on the presence or absence of a built-in type as a base-class −‘Old style’ or "Classic" style classes: they have no built-in type as a base class −>>> class OldFoo:      # no base class ...     pass >>> OldFoo.__bases__ ()"New" style classes: they have a built-in type as a base class meaning that, directly or indirectly, they have object as a base class −>>> class NewFoo(object):           # directly inherit from object ...    pass >>> NewFoo.__bases__ (, )In Python 3.x however, only ... Read More

Metaprogramming in python is defined as the ability of a program to influence itself. It is achieved by using metaclass in python. Metaclasses in Python Metaclasses are an OOP concept present in all python code by default. Python provides the functionality to create custom metaclasses by using the keyword type. Type is a metaclass whose instances are classes. Any class created in python is an instance of type metaclass. The type() function can create classes dynamically as calling type() creates a new instance of type metaclass. Syntax Syntax to create a class using type() is given below − class ... Read More

Python variable name may begin with a single underscore. It functions as a convention to indicate that the variable name is now a private variable. It should be viewed as an implementation detail that could change at any time. Programmers can assume that variables marked with a single underscore are reserved for internal usage. Single underscores are advised for semi-private variables, and double underscores are advised for fully private variables. To paraphrase PEP-8; single leading underscore: a poor signal of "internal use." For instance, from M import * excludes objects with names that begin with an underscore. Syntax The syntax ... Read More