Introduction Multilevel paging is an approach to memory management applied to control virtual memory in platforms. The concept of virtual memory in a system of computers implies the utilization of additional RAM as a supplement to the primary memory. Paging is a memory management method that breaks down memory through fixed-sized hinders known as frames and rational storage into fixed-sized sections known as pages. The basic paging methodology is extended through the application of numerous levels of page tables in multilevel paging. The appropriate location is separated into numerous components in a multilevel paging system. Every component indexes various sections ... Read More

The dmesg command is a powerful tool in the Linux command−line arsenal. It stands for "diagnostic message" and is used to read and write data from/to the kernel ring buffer, a data structure that holds messages about the system's hardware, kernel, or driver messages. This article will guide you through the usage of the dmesg command, complete with examples and their outputs. Basic Usage The most basic usage of the dmesg command is to simply type dmesg into your terminal and hit enter. This will display all the kernel messages in your terminal. $ dmesg The output will be ... Read More

The read command is one of the most fundamental commands in Bash scripting. It is used to read input from the user or from a file. In this article, we will explore how to use the read command effectively, with several examples and their output. Basic Usage of read Command The most basic usage of the read command is to take input from the user. Here's a simple example − Example echo "Please enter your name: " read name echo "Hello, $name" When you run this script, it will prompt you to enter your name. After you enter your ... Read More

The Advanced Packaging Tool, or APT, is a powerful command-line tool used in Debian based systems like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and others. The apt−get command is one of the most common ways to interact with APT. It's used to handle packages, allowing you to install, upgrade, and remove software on your Linux system. In this guide, we'll walk you through the basics of using the apt−get command, complete with examples and their outputs. 1. Updating Package Lists: apt−get update The first command you should know is apt−get update. This command retrieves information about the newest versions of packages and their ... Read More

Ansible is a powerful automation tool that allows you to manage and configure systems, deploy software, and orchestrate more advanced IT tasks such as continuous deployments or zero downtime rolling updates. One of the key components of Ansible is the inventory file, which describes the hosts and groups of hosts upon which commands, modules, and tasks in a playbook operate. In this article, we'll explore how to use both static and dynamic inventories in Ansible, complete with examples and their outputs. Static Inventories Static inventories are the simplest way to manage and organize your servers. They are defined in INI ... Read More

The shred command in Linux is a powerful tool that allows users to permanently delete files and make them unrecoverable. This command is particularly useful when you want to ensure that sensitive data is completely removed from a system. In this article, we will explore how to use the shred command, complete with examples and outputs. Understanding the shred Command Before we delve into the examples, it's important to understand what the shred command does. When you delete a file in Linux using the rm command, the file is not actually removed from the disk. Instead, the space that the ... Read More

The IP command is a powerful tool for network configuration in Linux. It is used to show, manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels. The IP command is part of the iproute2 package, which is installed by default in most Linux distributions. This article will guide you through the basics of the IP command and provide examples to help you understand its usage. Displaying IP Addresses To display the IP address of all network interfaces, use the following command− Example ip addr show Output 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 ... Read More

Windows and Solaris are two different operating systems. While both operating systems have their strengths and target different markets, the choice between them ultimately depends on specific requirements, preferences, and the intended use of the operating system. What is Windows OS? Windows OS, developed by Microsoft Corporation, is one of the most popular and widely used operating systems in the world. It provides a user-friendly interface, robust functionality, and a vast ecosystem of software applications. Windows has undergone significant evolution since its inception, and the latest stable release at the time of September 2021 was Windows 10. However, it's important ... Read More

Windows and QNX are two operating systems that serve different purposes and target different markets. While Windows is a widely used general-purpose operating system, QNX is primarily designed for embedded systems and real-time applications. What is Windows OS? Windows OS, developed by Microsoft Corporation, is one of the most widely used operating systems in the world. It has played a pivotal role in shaping the modern computing landscape, providing a user-friendly interface and a vast range of features that cater to both individual and enterprise needs. Since its inception, Windows OS has gone through numerous iterations, with each version introducing ... Read More

Windows and Plan 9 are both operating systems with distinct philosophies, designs, and target audiences. While Windows is a popular proprietary operating system developed by Microsoft, Plan 9 is an open-source operating system originally developed at Bell Labs. What is Windows OS? Windows OS, short for Microsoft Windows Operating System, is a widely used computer operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. It has a long history dating back to its initial release in 1985 and has evolved through numerous versions and updates to become one of the dominant operating systems in the world. Here are some important features of Windows ... Read More