In computer organization, a computer instruction is a set of commands that tells the computer hardware to perform a specific operation. Therefore, computer instructions are the primary building blocks of a computer program and hence a software, because computer instructions are entirely responsible for execution of the program or software. In this article, we will learn the basic computer instructions in computer organization. The format in which the computer instructions are to be written is defined by the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the computer. The instruction set architecture defines the set of instructions that are supported by the processor ... Read More

In order to understand what a path name signifies, we need to delve deep into the basic working of a file directory. The path name in a file directory indicates where a file or directory resides in the directory tree. It is made up of a variety of directories, every single one which can be distinguished by a delimiter, usually an upward slash (/) in Unix-based systems or a backslash () in systems running on Windows. The path names start at the root directory, represented by a forward slash (/) in Unix-based systems or by a drive letter (like C:) ... Read More

A typical algorithmic strategy is partitioning, which involves breaking a big issue into smaller subproblems that may be solved individually and then combining their solutions to solve the original problem. The fundamental concept underlying partitioning is to separate the input into subsets, solve each subset independently, and then combine the results to get the whole answer. From sorting algorithms to parallel computing, partitioning has a wide range of uses. The quicksort algorithm is a well-known illustration of partitioning. The effective sorting algorithm QuickSort uses partitioning to arrange an array of items. The algorithm divides the array into two subarrays: one ... Read More

Operating systems must have memory management, which is responsible for allocating and controlling memory resources to active processes. Memory in a computer system is split up into several partitions, each of which is dedicated to a different process. Partition allocation is the name of this procedure. Several partition allocation techniques can be applied while managing memory. We shall examine the various partition allocation techniques in this post, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. Partition Allocation Methods Fixed and dynamic partition allocation techniques are the two primary categories of partition allocation methods used in memory management. The fixed partition allocation ... Read More

A free and open-source operating system called Parrot Operating System was created with security, privacy, and development in mind. It is based on Debian GNU/Linux and includes pre-installed tools for privacy protection, cryptography, computer forensics, and penetration testing. For various use cases, Parrot OS provides many versions including Home, Security, IoT, and Cloud. Moreover, it offers a virtual machine manager for managing virtualization platforms and a sandbox environment for testing programs. AnonSurf, a special utility available only in Parrot OS, enables users to anonymize their internet activity and conceal their identity. Moreover, the operating system is compatible with a ... Read More

In hardware description languages like VHDL, a "parent" concurrent statement is used to establish a hierarchical design structure. It enables the creation and management of several processes within of a single organization. An illustration of a parent concurrent statement is as follows − entity my_entity is port ( clk: in std_logic; reset: in std_logic; data_in: in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0); data_out: out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0) ); end entity; architecture behavioral of my_entity is begin -- Parent Concurrent Statement parent_process: process(clk, reset) begin if reset = '1' then -- Reset condition data_out

Paged segmentation and segmented paging are two methods that operating systems use to manage computer memory allocation and address translation. Paged segmentation is a hybrid memory management scheme that combines segmentation and paging. Memory is divided into segments of different sizes, which are further divided into pages of fixed sizes. A segment table tracks segment location and size, while a page table tracks page location and corresponding physical addresses. When a program requests memory, the operating system allocates a segment of the required size and divides it into pages. Important aspects of paged segmentation Modern operating systems manage ... Read More

Overlay memory management technique allows multiple programs to be loaded into memory simultaneously, but only a portion of each program is resident in memory at any given time. This is used to increase the overall memory utilization and efficiency of the computer system. The technique swaps different parts of the programs in and out of memory as required. The overlay memory management technique is commonly used in situations where the memory requirements of the programs exceed the available physical memory. In such cases, the operating system can load the program into the memory in smaller sections, known as overlays. Each ... Read More

Two of the most popular corporate Linux distributions on the market are Oracle Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Despite the fact that the two operating systems share the same source code, there are some significant variations between them that merit investigation. The similarities and differences between Oracle Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux will be highlighted when we compare the two operating systems in this post. What are Oracle Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux? A Linux distribution called Oracle Linux is based on the free and open-source CentOS operating system. It was created by Oracle Corporation and is ... Read More

Operating system hardening involves protecting an operating system to lower its attack surface and improve its overall security posture. In order to do this, the operating system settings must be configured. Updates and patches must also be installed, unused programs and services must be disabled, and security measures like firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software must be put in place. Operating system hardening reduces the amount of potential attack pathways that hackers might take in an effort to decrease the probability that an attack would be successful. Operating system hardening is an ongoing process that requires regular review and ... Read More