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Computer Science Articles
Page 3 of 53
Race Condition, Critical Section and Semaphore
Race conditions, Critical Sections and Semaphores are an key part of Operating systems. Details about these are given as follows −Race ConditionA race condition is a situation that may occur inside a critical section. This happens when the result of multiple thread execution in critical section differs according to the order in which the threads execute.Race conditions in critical sections can be avoided if the critical section is treated as an atomic instruction. Also, proper thread synchronization using locks or atomic variables can prevent race conditions.Critical SectionThe critical section in a code segment where the shared variables can be accessed. ...
Read MoreWhat are Computer Registers in Computer Architecture?
Computer registers are high-speed memory storing units. It is an element of the computer processor. It can carry any type of information including a bit sequence or single data.A register should be 32 bits in length for a 32-bit instruction computer. Registers can be numbered relies upon the processor design and language rules.The instructions in a computer are saved in memory locations and implemented one after another at a time. The function of the control unit is to fetch the instruction from the memory and implement it. The control does the similar for all the instructions in the memory in ...
Read MoreReaders-Writers Problem
The readers-writers problem relates to an object such as a file that is shared between multiple processes. Some of these processes are readers i.e. they only want to read the data from the object and some of the processes are writers i.e. they want to write into the object.The readers-writers problem is used to manage synchronization so that there are no problems with the object data. For example - If two readers access the object at the same time there is no problem. However if two writers or a reader and writer access the object at the same time, there ...
Read MoreWhat are Instruction Formats?
Instruction includes a set of operation codes and operands that manage with the operation codes. Instruction format supports the design of bits in an instruction. It contains fields including opcode, operands, and addressing mode.The instruction length is generally preserved in multiples of the character length, which is 8 bits. When the instruction length is permanent, several bits are assigned to opcode, operands, and addressing modes.The function of allocating bits in the instruction can be interpreted by considering the following elements −Number of addressing modesNumber of operandsNumber of CPU registersNumber of register setsNumber of address linesThe figure displayed the general IA-32 ...
Read MoreWhat are Instruction Codes and Operands in Computer Architecture?
A computer instruction is a binary code that determines the micro-operations in a sequence for a computer. They are saved in the memory along with the information. Each computer has its specific group of instructions.They can be categorized into two elements as Operation codes (Opcodes) and Address. Opcodes specify the operation for specific instructions. An address determines the registers or the areas that can be used for that operation. Operands are definite elements of computer instruction that show what information is to be operated on.It consists of 12 bits of memory that are required to define the address as the ...
Read MoreWhat is Direct Mapping Process in Computer Architecture?
Direct mapping is a procedure used to assign each memory block in the main memory to a particular line in the cache. If a line is already filled with a memory block and a new block needs to be loaded, then the old block is discarded from the cache.The figure shows how multiple blocks from the example are mapped to each line in the cache.Just like locating a word within a block, bits are taken from the main memory address to uniquely describe the line in the cache where a block can be stored.Example − Consider a cache with = ...
Read MoreDistributed Systems
A distributed system contains multiple nodes that are physically separate but linked together using the network. All the nodes in this system communicate with each other and handle processes in tandem. Each of these nodes contains a small part of the distributed operating system software.A diagram to better explain the distributed system is −Types of Distributed SystemsThe nodes in the distributed systems can be arranged in the form of client/server systems or peer to peer systems. Details about these are as follows −Client/Server SystemsIn client server systems, the client requests a resource and the server provides that resource. A server ...
Read MoreWhat is Hardwired Control Unit?
A hardwired control is a mechanism of producing control signals using Finite State Machines (FSM) appropriately. It is designed as a sequential logic circuit. The final circuit is constructed by physically connecting the components such as gates, flip flops, and drums. Hence, it is named a hardwired controller.The figure shows a 2-bit sequence counter, which is used to develop control signals. The output obtained from these signals is decoded to generate the required signals in sequential order.The hardwired control consists of a combinational circuit that outputs desired controls for decoding and encoding functions. The instruction that is loaded in the ...
Read MoreWhat is Vector Processing in Computer Architecture?
Vector processing is a central processing unit that can perform the complete vector input in individual instruction. It is a complete unit of hardware resources that implements a sequential set of similar data elements in the memory using individual instruction.The scientific and research computations involve many computations which require extensive and high-power computers. These computations when run in a conventional computer may take days or weeks to complete. The science and engineering problems can be specified in methods of vectors and matrices using vector processing.Features of Vector ProcessingThere are various features of Vector Processing which are as follows −A vector ...
Read MoreWhat is Stack Organization?
Stack is also known as the Last In First Out (LIFO) list. It is the most important feature in the CPU. It saves data such that the element stored last is retrieved first. A stack is a memory unit with an address register. This register influence the address for the stack, which is known as Stack Pointer (SP). The stack pointer continually influences the address of the element that is located at the top of the stack.It can insert an element into or delete an element from the stack. The insertion operation is known as push operation and the deletion ...
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