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Computer Science Articles
Page 4 of 53
What is the difference between DFA and NFA?
DFA is the short form for the deterministic finite automata and NFA is for the Non-deterministic finite automata. Now, let us understand in detail about these two finite automata.DFAA Deterministic Finite automata is a five-tuple automata. Following is the definition of DFA −M=(Q, Σ, δ, q0, F)Where, Q : Finite set called states.Σ : Finite set called alphabets.δ : Q × Σ → Q is the transition function.q0 ϵ Q is the start or initial state.F : Final or accept state.NFANFA also has five states same as DFA, but with different transition function, as shown follows −δ: Q X Σ ...
Read MoreWhat is Microprogrammed Control Unit?
A control unit whose binary control values are saved as words in memory is called a microprogrammed control unit.A controller results in the instructions to be implemented by constructing a definite collection of signals at each system clock beat. Each of these output signals generates one micro-operation including register transfer. Thus, the sets of control signals are generated definite micro-operations that can be saved in the memory.Each bit that forms the microinstruction is linked to one control signal. When the bit is set, the control signal is active. When it is cleared the control signal turns inactive. These microinstructions in ...
Read MoreWhat is General Register Organization?
A set of flip-flops forms a register. A register is a unique high-speed storage area in the CPU. They include combinational circuits that implement data processing. The information is always defined in a register before processing. The registers speed up the implementation of programs.Registers implement two important functions in the CPU operation are as follows −It can support a temporary storage location for data. This supports the directly implementing programs to have fast access to the data if required.It can save the status of the CPU and data about the directly implementing program.Example − Address of the next program instruction, ...
Read MoreWhat is Handshaking?
Handshaking is an I/O control approach to synchronize I/O devices with the microprocessor. As several I/O devices accept or release data at a much lower cost than the microprocessor, this technique is used to control the microprocessor to operate with an I/O device at the I/O devices data transfer rate.The drawback of the strobe approach is that the source unit that starts the transfer has no method of knowing whether the destination unit has received the data element that was located in the bus. A destination unit that initiates the transfer has no method of knowing whether the source unit ...
Read MoreWhat is Pipelining in Computer Architecture?
Pipelining defines the temporal overlapping of processing. Pipelines are emptiness greater than assembly lines in computing that can be used either for instruction processing or, in a more general method, for executing any complex operations. It can be used efficiently only for a sequence of the same task, much similar to assembly lines.A basic pipeline processes a sequence of tasks, including instructions, as per the following principle of operation −Each task is subdivided into multiple successive subtasks as shown in the figure. For instance, the execution of register-register instructions can be broken down into instruction fetch, decode, execute, and writeback.A ...
Read MoreWhat is Auxiliary Memory?
An Auxiliary memory is referred to as the lowest-cost, highest-space, and slowest-approach storage in a computer system. It is where programs and information are preserved for long-term storage or when not in direct use. The most typical auxiliary memory devices used in computer systems are magnetic disks and tapes.Magnetic DisksA magnetic disk is a round plate generated of metal or plastic coated with magnetized material. There are both sides of the disk are used and multiple disks can be stacked on one spindle with read/write heads accessible on each surface.All disks revolve together at high speed and are not stopped ...
Read MoreProtection and Security in Operating System
Protection and security requires that computer resources such as CPU, softwares, memory etc. are protected. This extends to the operating system as well as the data in the system. This can be done by ensuring integrity, confidentiality and availability in the operating system. The system must be protect against unauthorized access, viruses, worms etc. Threats to Protection and Security A threat is a program that is malicious in nature and leads to harmful effects for the system. Some of the common threats that occur in a system are − Virus Viruses are generally small snippets of code embedded in a ...
Read MoreComputer System Organisation
The computer system is a combination of many parts such as peripheral devices, secondary memory, CPU, etc. This can be explained more clearly using a diagram.The salient points about the above figure displaying Computer System Organisation is −The I/O devices and the CPU both execute concurrently. Some of the processes are scheduled for the CPU and at the same time, some are undergoing input/output operations.There are multiple device controllers, each in charge of a particular device such as keyboard, mouse, printer etc.There is buffer available for each of the devices. The input and output data can be stored in these ...
Read MoreDiscuss the I/O Interface in Computer Architecture?
The I/O interface supports a method by which data is transferred between internal storage and external I/O devices. All the peripherals connected to a computer require special communication connections for interfacing them with the CPU.I/O Bus and Interface ModulesThe I/O bus is the route used for peripheral devices to interact with the computer processor. A typical connection of the I/O bus to I/O devices is shown in the figure.The I/O bus includes data lines, address lines, and control lines. In any general-purpose computer, the magnetic disk, printer, and keyboard, and display terminal are commonly employed. Each peripheral unit has an ...
Read MoreWhat is the Main Memory?
The main memory is the fundamental storage unit in a computer system. It is associatively large and quick memory and saves programs and information during computer operations. The technology that makes the main memory work is based on semiconductor integrated circuits.RAM is the main memory. Integrated circuit Random Access Memory (RAM) chips are applicable in two possible operating modes are as follows −Static − It consists of internal flip-flops, which store the binary information. The stored data remains solid considering power is provided to the unit. The static RAM is simple to use and has smaller read and write cycles.Dynamic ...
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