The logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer of the open system interconnections (OSI) reference model for data transmission. It acts act an interface between the network layer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer.The LLC sublayer is mainly used for its multiplexing property. It allows several network protocols to operate simultaneously within a multipoint network over the same network medium.LLC Layer in the OSI ModelThe Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a 7 – layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The ... Read More

Organizationally unique identifier (OUI) refers to a 24-bit number assigned to a manufacturer or a vendor of a network device or station. They are globally unique identifiers assigned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Registration Authority.OUI are typically used for uniquely identifying a particular device connected to the computer network through derived identifiers like the Medium Access Control (MAC) addresses. MAC addresses are of 6 octets ( 48-bits ). Among these, the first three octets of the addresses constitutes the OUI.A 3-octet OUI is generally represented in hexadecimal notation separated by dashes (for example, 1F – 9E ... Read More

Broadcasting in computer network is a group communication, where a sender sends data to receivers simultaneously. This is an all − to − all communication model where each sending device transmits data to all other devices in the network domain.The ways of operation of broadcasting may be −A high level operation in a program, like broadcasting in Message Passing Interface.A low level networking operation, like broadcasting on Ethernet.Broadcasting is shown in the following figure −Advantages of BroadcastingBroadcast helps to attain economies of scale when a common data stream needs to be delivered to all, by minimizing the communication and processing ... Read More

Multicasting in computer network is a group communication, where a sender(s) send data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It supports one – to – many and many – to – many data transmission across LANs or WANs. Through the process of multicasting, the communication and processing overhead of sending the same data packet or data frame in minimized.Ethernet MulticastEthernet multicast constitutes multicasting at the data link layer of the OSI model for Ethernet networks. Ethernet frames for multicasting are identified by a 1 bit in the LSB (least significant bit) of the first byte of the destination address.IP MulticastIP multicast provides ... Read More

Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet used primarily in LANs. It provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps.It operates both in the physical layer and in the MAC sublayer of the OSI model. In the physical layer, the features of the cables and networks are considered. In MAC sublayer, the frame formats for the Ethernet data frame are laid down.Classic Ethernet was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard.Frame Format of Classic EthernetClassic Ethernet frames can be either of Ethernet (DIX) or of IEEE 802.3 standard. The frames of the two standards are very similar except ... Read More

Thick EthernetThick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet. It is technically known as 10-BASE-5. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 metres (1, 600 ft). This type of cabling allows 100 stations to be connected to it by vampire taps.Thin EthernetThin Ethernet, popularly known as cheapernet or thinnet, is among the family of Ethernet standards that uses thinner coaxial cable as a transmission media. It is technically known as 10-BASE-2.Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. ... Read More

Thin Ethernet, popularly known as cheapernet or thinnet, is among the family of Ethernet standards that uses thinner coaxial cable as a transmission media. It is technically known as 10-BASE-2. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 2 refers to the maximum segment length of about 200 metres (precisely 185 metres).This type of cabling allows a maximum of 30 stations to be connected to it by BNC connectors with 50 centimetres minimum gap between subsequent stations.Features of Cable and NetworkThe salient features of 10-BASE-2 Ethernet cabling are −10-BASE-2 use RG-58 A/U ... Read More

Thick Ethernet was the first commercially available form of cabling supported by Ethernet. It is technically known as 10-BASE-5. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denoted use of baseband transmission, and 5 refers to the maximum segment length of 500 metres (1, 600 ft). This type of cabling allows 100 stations to be connected to it by vampire taps. The stations share a single collision domain.Structure of CableThe coaxial cable of thick Ethernet is 0.5 inches in diameter and usually has a yellow outer PVC coating. It is a low-loss 50 Ohm cable and is somewhat ... Read More

DIX standard is a popular standard for Ethernet that was put forth in 1978. The name DIX is an abbreviation of the three organizations who implemented it, namely DEC, Intel and Xerox. DIX Ethernet provides data speed of 10 Mbps.DIX Ethernet is also known as Ethernet II framing. The main fields of a frame of DIX Ethernet are −Preamble: It is an 8 bytes starting field that provides alert and timing pulse for transmission.Destination Address: It is a 6 byte field containing physical address of destination stations.Source Address: It is a 6 byte field containing the physical address of the sending ... Read More

Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. It was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard.Ethernet can be broadly classified into two types −What are classic Ethernet and switched Ethernet?Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet that provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps. The stations are connected by hubs that allow each station to communicate with every other station in the LAN. There are a number of varieties of classic Ethernet, commonly referred as 10BASE-X. Here, 10 is the maximum throughput, i.e. 10 Mbps, BASE denotes use of baseband ... Read More