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Python allows you to run multiple tasks at the same time using threads. However, handling exceptions in threads can be tricky because exceptions that happen inside a thread don't get passed to the main thread by default. To deal with this, you can catch errors inside the thread's function or create a custom thread class to handle them. This helps you to find issues in threads and handle them properly in the main program. Exception Handling in Threads When an exception occurs inside a thread, it only affects that thread, and unless explicitly handled, it will be ignored silently. ... Read More
You cannot directly use an if statement to catch exceptions in Python. Instead, use a try-except block and place if conditions inside the except to respond differently based on the type or message of the exception. This allows you to write conditional logic for exception handling. Using if Inside the except Block You can write if conditions inside the except block to check the type or details of the exception and take appropriate action. Example: Matching Exception Message with "if" In this example, we catch a ValueError and use if statement to inspect its message - def process_input(value): ... Read More
The NotImplementedError exception in Python is raised when an abstract method or operation that should be implemented by a subclass is not implemented. It is commonly used as a placeholder in base classes to indicate that subclasses are expected to override the method. In this article, you will learn how to catch and handle the NotImplementedError in Python using simple examples. When Does NotImplementedError Occur? The NotImplementedError is usually raised in the following cases - A method is defined in a base class but is not implemented and used as a placeholder for child classes to override. The subclass ... Read More
The SystemExit exception in Python is raised when the sys.exit() function is called. It is used to exit the program cleanly. Although this exception is not an error in the traditional sense, it can be caught using a try-except block if needed, especially when you want to prevent a script from terminating abruptly. This article explains how SystemExit works and how you can catch and handle it in Python programs. When Does SystemExit Occur? The SystemExit exception is raised when - You call sys.exit() function to exit the program. The Python interpreter is terminating due to a call ... Read More
The fmax() and fmin() functions in C++ are used to check the maximum or minimum of two floating-point numbers. These functions are defined under the header file of the C++ standard library. C++ fmax() function The fmax() is used to compare and return the larger of two floating-point values. These floating point values can be float, double, and long double. Syntax data_type fmax(data_type value_1, data_type value_2); Here, data_type could be float, double and long double. C++ fmin() function The fmin() is used to compare and return the smaller of two floating-point values. These floating point values can be float, ... Read More
The Naor-Reingold pseudo-random function uses a mathematical formula for generating random numbers using an array of secret keys('a') and bits of an input number('x'). The generated random numbers can be repeated based on the array of secret keys. In this article, our task is to generate random numbers using the Naor-Reingold pseudo-random function. Formula of Naor-Reingold function The formula for generating random numbers using Naor-Reingold Pseudo-Random Function is given below: Example Here is an example of generating 5 random numbers using Naor-Reingold Function: Input: p = 31, g = 3, n = 4, a = [1, ... Read More
There are two time periods provided in the form of hours, minutes and seconds. Then their difference is calculated. For example: Time period 1 = 8:6:2 Time period 2 = 3:9:3 Time Difference is 4:56:59 C++ Program to Find Difference Between Two Times To find the time differences then check whether we need to borrow time, for example, adding 60 seconds if the second time has more seconds. Then just subtract the hours, minutes, and seconds of the second time from the first time to get the result. Example In this example, you will see the time difference of ... Read More
Pure functions always return the same result for the same argument values. They only return the result and there are no extra side effects like argument modification, I/O stream, output generation etc. Following are the examples of pure vs impure functions: Pure Function: sin(), strlen(), sqrt(), max(), pow(), floor() etc. Impure Function: rand(), time(), etc. There are many pure functions in C language such as strlen(), strcmp(), strchr(), strrchr(), strstr(), toupper(), tolower(), abs(), sin(), cos(), sqrt(), exp(), log(), pow(), fabs(), etc. Here we are explaining a few pure functions with ... Read More
To print random numbers within a range, we will have two input variables where we need to set the maximum and minimum values. Using these two values, we can display a random value within the specified range. Example Following is the input-output statement to understand the range of a random number: Input: min = 4, max = 14 Output: 8, 10, 7 Explanation: Any numeric value between 4 and 14 can be displayed in the specified range. Generate Random Number Within a Range Using rand() with Modulus The rand() function generates the random number while modulus operator return ... Read More
Python uses the try-except block to handle errors during runtime. But as your program grows, handling exceptions can get messy with repeated code or too many nested blocks. Using cleaner methods for exception handling can reduce duplication, and make your code easier to manage. In this article, we explore better ways to handle exceptions in Python. Using Specific Exception Types It is best to catch specific exceptions like ValueError or FileNotFoundError instead of using a general except: block. This prevents hiding unexpected errors and improves debugging This approach avoids catching unrelated exceptions like KeyboardInterrupt or TypeError. Example In this ... Read More