Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
Pairing heaps are implemented for a perfect use of a priority queue. A priority queue maintains track of the minimum of a set of objects, so every time we take something eliminate from the queue it is always the minimum value. Priority queues are mostly implemented when using Dijkstra’s Algorithm to calculate the shortest path in a graph.Pairing heaps are perfect because they are easy to use and operate well in real applications. Specifically, they operate excellent in amortized time . Meaning that while an individual operation consumes a longer time, the sum of all the operations over the whole ... Read More
In this tutorial, we are going to write code to find the sum of the series n + nn + nnn + ... + n (m times). We can do it very easily in Python. Let's see some examples.Input: n = 1 m = 5 Series: 1 + 11 + 111 + 1111 + 11111 Output: 12345AlgorithmFollow the below steps to solve the problem.1. Initialise the n and m. 2. Initialise total to 0. 3. Make the copy of n to generate next number in the series. 4. Iterate the loop m times. 4.1. Add n to the total. ... Read More
Calculating the amortized cost of meld operation is a difficult task. The major difficulty is in accumulating for the wide variations in the costs of an operation performed at different points in a random sequence of operations. Although our design goal is affected by the costs of sequence of operations, defining the notion of amortized cost of an operation in terms of the costs of sequences of operations leads nothing. Implementing a potential function to off set the variations in the actual costs is a perfect way of handling the situation.In the next topic we discuss the notion of amortized ... Read More
A pairing heap can be either an empty heap, or a pairing tree containing of a root element and a possibly empty list of pairing trees.The heap ordering property needs that parent of any node is no greater than the node itself.The following description considers a purely functional heap that does not support the decrease-key operation.type PairingTree[Element] = Heap(element: Element, subheaps: List[PairingTree[Element]])type PairingHeap[Element] = Empty | PairingTree[Element]Pairing heaps exist in two varieties--min pairing heaps and max pairing heaps. Min pairing heaps are implemented when we wish to represent a min priority queue, and max pairing heaps are implemented for max ... Read More
A pairing heap is defined as a type of heap data structure with relatively easy implementation and superb practical amortized performance.Pairing heaps are heap-ordered multiway tree structures, and can be denoted as simplified Fibonacci heaps.They are considered a "robust choice" for implementing such Algorithms like Prim's MST Algorithm, and support the following operations (assuming a min-heap) −find-min − This function is responsible to return the top element of the heap.meld −This function is responsible to compare the two root elements, the smaller remains the root of the result, the larger element and its subtree is added as a child of ... Read More
Boolean indexing helps us to select the data from the DataFrames using a boolean vector. We need a DataFrame with a boolean index to use the boolean indexing. Let's see how to achieve the boolean indexing.Create a dictionary of data.Convert it into a DataFrame object with a boolean index as a vector.Now, access the data using boolean indexing.See the example below to get an idea.Exampleimport pandas as pd # data data = { 'Name': ['Hafeez', 'Srikanth', 'Rakesh'], 'Age': [19, 20, 19] } # creating a DataFrame with boolean index vector data_frame = pd.DataFrame(data, index = [True, False, True]) ... Read More
Meldable Priority QueuesDefinitionA randomized meldable heap (also Meldable Heap or Randomized Meldable Priority Queue) is defined as a priority queue based data structure in which the underlying structure is also a heap-ordered binary tree. However, there are no hard and fast rules on the shape of the underlying binary tree.AdvantagesThis approach has a number of facilities i.e. advantages over similar data structures.It offers simpler approach than other data structures.All operations for the randomized meldable heap are easy to apply and the constant factors in their complexity bounds are small.There is also no requirement to preserve balance conditions and no satellite ... Read More
Spanning TreeOne simple definition is that a tree is a connected graph associated with no cycles, where a cycle let's us go from a node to itself without repeating an edge.A spanning tree for a connected graph G is defined as a tree containing all the vertices of G.Spanning trees are often implemented for Internet routing Algorithms. In the Internet, computers (nodes) are often connected with many redundant physical connections.Total number of Spanning Trees in a Graph. If a graph is a complete graph with n no. of vertices, then total number of spanning trees is n(n-2)where n is denoted ... Read More
We can perform the calendar operations using the calendar module in Python. Here, we are going to learn about the different methods of calendar class instance.calendar.calendar(year)The calendar class instance returns the calendar of the year. Let's see one example.Example Live Demo# importing the calendar module import calendar # initializing year year = 2019 # printing the calendar print(calendar.calendar(year))OutputIf you run the above code, you will get the following results.calendar.firstweekday()The method calendar.firstweekday() returns the first weekday in the week i.e.., MONDAY.Example Live Demo# importing the calendar import calendar # getting firstweekday of the year print(calendar.firstweekday())OutputIf you run the above program, you will get ... Read More
An m-ary tree in computer science is defined as a collection of nodes normally represented hierarchically in the following manner.The tree is started at the root node.Each node of the tree maintains a list of pointers to its child nodes.The number of child nodes is less than or equal to m.A typical representation of m-ary tree implements an array of m references (or pointers) to store children (Note that m is an upper bound on number of children).An m-way search treea. is empty orb. consists of a root containing b (1