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C++ is a programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. It is a language that is −Statically typed − A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time.Compiled − A compiled ... Read More
The compound assignment operators are specified in the form e1 op= e2, where e1 is a modifiable l-value not of const type and e2 is one of the following −An arithmetic typeA pointer, if op is + or –The e1 op= e2 form behaves as e1 = e1 op e2, but e1 is evaluated only once.The following are the compound assignment operators in C++ −OperatorsDescription*=Multiply the value of the first operand by the value of the second operand; store the result in the object specified by the first operand./=Divide the value of the first operand by the value of the ... Read More
C++ has 5 basic arithmetic operators. They are −Addition(+)Subtraction(-)Division(/)Multiplication(*)Modulo(%)These operators can operate on any arithmetic operations in C++. Let's have a look at an example −Example#include using namespace std; main() { int a = 21; int b = 10; int c ; c = a + b; cout
A friend function of a class is defined outside that class' scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions.A friend can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the entire class and all of its members are friends.To declare a function as a friend of a class, precede the function prototype in the class definition with keyword friend as follows −class Box { double ... Read More
std::cerr is an object of class ostream that represents the standard error stream oriented to narrow characters (of type char). It corresponds to the C stream stderr. The standard error stream is a destination of characters determined by the environment. This destination may be shared by more than one standard object (such as cout or clog).As an object of class ostream, characters can be written to it either as formatted data using the insertion operator (operator
There is no such operator in C++. Sometimes, we need to create wrapper types. For example, types like unique_ptr, shared_ptr, optional and similar. Usually, these types have an accessor member function called .get but they also provide the operator→ to support direct access to the contained value similarly to what ordinary pointers do.The problem is that sometimes we have a few of these types nested into each other. This means that we need to call .get multiple times or to have a lot of dereference operators until we reach the value.Something like this −wrapper wp; wp.get().get().length(); wp.get()->length();This can be a ... Read More
A JLabel is a subclass of JComponent class and an object of JLabel provides text instructions or information on a GUI. A JLabel can display a single line of read-only text, an image or both text and an image. A JLabel can explicitly generate a PropertyChangeListener interface. We can also implement a moving text in a JLabel by using a Timer class, it can set a timer with speed(in milliseconds) and this as an argument.Exampleimport java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.Timer; public class MovingTextLabel extends JFrame implements ActionListener { private JLabel label; public MovingTextLabel() { setTitle("MovingTextLabel"); label= new JLabel(" ... Read More
C++ provides two pointer operators, which are Address of Operator (&) and Indirection Operator (*). A pointer is a variable that contains the address of another variable or you can say that a variable that contains the address of another variable is said to "point to" the other variable. A variable can be any data type including an object, structure or again pointer itself.The indirection Operator (*), and it is the complement of &. It is a unary operator that returns the value of the variable located at the address specified by its operand. For example, Example#include using namespace ... Read More
C++ provides two pointer operators, which are Address of Operator (&) and Indirection Operator (*). A pointer is a variable that contains the address of another variable or you can say that a variable that contains the address of another variable is said to "point to" the other variable. A variable can be any data type including an object, structure or again pointer itself.The address of Operator (&), and it is the complement of *. It is a unary operator that returns the address of the variable(r-value) specified by its operand. For example, Example#include using namespace std; int main ... Read More
Unary operator is operators that act upon a single operand to produce a new value. The unary operators are as follows:OperatorsDescriptionIndirection operator (*)It operates on a pointer variable and returns an l-value equivalent to the value at the pointer address. This is called "dereferencing" the pointer.Address-of operator (&)The unary address-of operator (&) takes the address of its operand. The operand of the address-of operator can be either a function designator or an l-value that designates an object that is not a bit field and is not declared with the register storage-class specifier.Unary plus operator (+)The result of the unary plus ... Read More