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The details about a pointer and array that showcase their difference are given as follows.PointerA pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable. When memory is allocated to a variable, pointer points to the memory address of the variable. Unary operator ( * ) is used to declare a pointer variable.The following is the syntax of pointer declaration.datatype *variable_name;Here, the datatype is the data type of the variable like int, char, float etc. and variable_name is the name of variable given by user.A program that demonstrates pointers is given as follows.Example Live Demo#include int main () { ... Read More
A class method can be can be called using a NULL class pointer.Note − This is undefined behaviour and there is not guarantee about the execution of the program. The actual results depend on the compiler used.A program that demonstrates this is given as follows.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class Example { public : void func() { cout func(); return 0; }OutputThe output of the above program is as follows.The function is called through Null class pointer.Now, let us understand the above program.The class Example contains a member function func(). This function displays ... Read More
Before moving onto their conversions, let us learn about Unicode and UTF-8.Unicode is an international standard of character encoding which has the capability of representing a majority of written languages all over the globe. Unicode uses hexadecimal to represent a character. Unicode is a 16-bit character encoding system. The lowest value is \u0000 and the highest value is \uFFFF.UTF-8 is a variable width character encoding. UTF-8 has the ability to be as condense as ASCII but can also contain any unicode characters with some increase in the size of the file. UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format. The '8' signifies ... Read More
The Red Fort is located in the city of Delhi in India. It has a great history as it was the main residence of Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years (until 1857).The red fort is the center of Delhi and it houses a large number of museums. Not only the accommodation for the emperors but also it was the center for Mughal state politics and for setting events that impact the region critically.Its construction was started in the year 1639 by the 5th Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as the place of his fortified capital Shahjahanabad. The name Red Fort comes ... Read More
Before converting a String to UTF-8-bytes, let us have a look at UTF-8.UTF-8 is a variable width character encoding. UTF-8 has ability to be as condense as ASCII but can also contain any unicode characters with some increase in the size of the file. UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format. The '8' signifies that it allocates 8-bit blocks to denote a character. The number of blocks needed to represent a character varies from 1 to 4.In order to convert a String into UTF-8, we use the getBytes() method in Java. The getBytes() method encodes a String into a sequence of ... Read More
In C language both the global and static variables must be initialized with constant values. This is because the values of these variables must be known before the execution starts. An error will be generated if the constant values are not provided for global and static variables.A program that demonstrates the initialization of global and static variables is given as follows.Example Live Demo#include int a = 5; static int b = 10; int main() { printf("The value of global variable a : %d", a); printf("The value of global static variable b : %d", b); return 0; }OutputThe ... Read More
Variables can be declared as constant using the const keyword or the #define preprocessor directive. Details about these are given as follows.The const keywordVariables can be declared as constants by using the “const” keyword before the datatype of the variable. The constant variables can be initialized once only. The default value of constant variables are zero.A program that demonstrates the declaration of constant variables in C using const keyword is given as follows.Example Live Demo#include int main() { const int a; const int b = 12; printf("The default value of variable a : %d", a); printf("The ... Read More
In order to check if a String has only unicode digits or space in Java, we use the isDigit() method and the charAt() method with decision making statements.The isDigit(int codePoint) method determines whether the specific character (Unicode codePoint) is a digit. It returns a boolean value, either true or false.Declaration - The java.lang.Character.isDigit() method is declared as follows −public static boolean isDigit(int codePoint)The charAt() method returns a character value at a given index. It belongs to the String class in Java. The index must be between 0 to length()-1.Declaration − The java.lang.String.charAt() method is declared as follows −public char charAt(int ... Read More
Static C++ class members can be defined using the static keyword. The static member in a class is shared by all the class objects as there is only one copy of the static class member in the memory, regardless of the number of objects of the class.The static class member is initialized to zero when the first object of the class is created if it is not initialized in any other way.A program that demonstrates static class members in C++ is given as follows.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class Example { public : static int a; ... Read More
Structures and classes are very similar in C++ except for some differences. So details about these differences are given below that help to decide when to use a class or structure in C++.Differences between Class and StructureAll the members of a class are private by default. This is different compared to structures as all the members of a structure are public by default.A program that demonstrates a class in C++ is given as follows −Example#include using namespace std; class Example { int val; }; int main() { Example obj; obj.val = 20; return 0; }This ... Read More