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An electronic circuit is a group of electronic components connected for a specific purpose.A simple electronic circuit can be designed easily because it requires few discrete electronic components and connections. However, designing a complex electronic circuit is difficult, as it requires a number of discrete electronic components and their connections. It is also time taking to build such complex circuits and their reliability is also less. These difficulties can be overcome with Integrated Circuits.To define Integrated Circuit (IC) we can consider that If multiple electronic components are interconnected on a single chip of semiconductor material, then that chip is called ... Read More
In the 4-bit microprocessor or computer architecture will have a data path width or a highest operand width of 4 bits or a nibble. And also these architectures or microprocessors typically will have a matching register file with registers width of 4 bits and 4-8-bit wide addresses.Most of the first microprocessors during the early 1970s had 4-bit word sizes. Both the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor, and the 4040 had a 4-bit word length, but had 8-bit instructions. Some of the first microcontrollers such as the TMS1000 made by Texas Instruments and NEC's μPD751 also had 4-bit words. 4-bit ... Read More
In computer architecture, 8-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 8 bits (1 octet or 1 Byte) wide. Also, 8-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 8-bit is also a generation of microcomputers in which 8-bit microprocessors were the norm. Mainly we can consider 8-bit microprocessor means 8-bit data or information bus.for controlling a CRT display, Federico Faggin and his team at Intel designed a chip produced by Computer Terminals Corporation. Later this chip was called as Datapoint. This chip did not ... Read More
In 8085 Instruction set, In the year 2001, Intel introduced the Itanium processor is the first in a family of 64-bit products. It is capable to meet up most demanding enterprise and high-performance computing applications like e-Commerce security transactions, mechanical computer-aided engineering, large databases and sophisticated scientific and engineering computing.Intel Centrino mobile technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless local area network (LAN) capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter, mobile computers and it has mainly three components. They areThe Intel Pentium M processor, introduced from 2003The Intel 855 chipset family ... Read More
A Microcontroller is a small and low-cost microcomputer, which is designed to perform the specific tasks of embedded systems like displaying microwave’s information, receiving remote signals etc.The general microcontroller consists of the processor, the memory (RAM, ROM, EPROM), Serial ports, peripherals (timers, counters) etc.Types of MicrocontrollersMicrocontrollers are divided into various categories based on memory, architecture, bits and instruction sets. Following is the list of their typesBit − Based on bit configuration, the microcontroller is further divided into three categories.8-bit microcontroller − This type of microcontroller is used to execute arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication division, etc. For example, ... Read More
Let us discuss Microcomputer, Microprocessor, and Microcontroller in this article and also to highlight their respective differences in between. MicrocomputerA microcomputer can be defined as a small sized, inexpensive, and limited capability computer. It has the same architectural block structure that is present on a computer. Present-day microcomputers are having smaller sizes. Nowadays, they are of the size of a notebook. But in the coming days also their sizes will get more reduced as well. Due to their lower costs, individuals can possess them as their personal computers. Because of mass production, they are becoming still cheaper. Initially, in the earlier ... Read More
There are mainly three different languages with the help of which we can develop computer programs. And they areMachine Level languageAssembly Level Language andHigh-Level LanguageMachine Level LanguageThe computer can understand only the language of Digital Electronics. Digital Electronics deals with the presence and absence of voltages. Within the computer there are two logics can play their role. These logics are −Positive Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 1 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 0Negative Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 0 and absence of voltage will be denoted by ... Read More
Computer can understand only the language of Digital Electronics. Digital Electronics deals with presence and absence of voltages. Within the computer there are two logics can play their role. These logics are −Positive Logic − Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 1 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 0Negative Logic −Here presence of voltage will be denoted by 0 and absence of voltage will be denoted by 1But obviously computer can follow anyone of the logics at a time, not both the logics simultaneously. To make the computer understand, a program can be written using only ... Read More
After machine level language, the next level of development in the evolution of computer languages was the Assembly Language. Machine level language uses only the binary language. But on the other hand, assembly language uses mnemonics or symbolic instructions in place of a sequence of 0s and 1s. As example, we can consider that, to add register A and B in a particular computer, assembly language uses the mnemonic ‘ADD B’ in place of 10001111. In assembly language, we use symbolic names to denote addresses and data. A number of such examples are dealt with in the successive chapters. Thus ... Read More
High level language is the next development in the evolution of computer languages. Examples of some high-level languages are given belowPROLOG (for “PROgramming LOGic”)FORTRAN (for ‘FORrmula TRANslation’)LISP (for “LISt Processing”)Pascal (named after the French scientist Blaise Pascal).High-level languages are like English-like language, with less words also known as keywords and fewer ambiguities. Each high level language will have its own syntax and keywords. The meaning of the word syntax is grammar.Now let us discuss about the disadvantages of high-level languagesA high level language program can’t get executed directly. It requires some translator to get it translated to machine language. There ... Read More