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The easiest way to find the column means of an R data frame is to use colMeans function but if we do not want to use it then it can be done with the help of sapply. While using sapply, we need to make sure that we are selecting only numerical columns of the data frame. Check out the below examples to understand how it works.Example1Consider the CO2 data frame in base R −Live Demo> head(CO2, 20)Output Plant Type Treatment conc uptake 1 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 95 16.0 2 Qn1 Quebec nonchilled 175 30.4 3 Qn1 ... Read More
If a row contains missing values then their sum will not finite, therefore, we can use is.finite function with the data.table object to remove the rows with NA’s. For example, if we have a data.table object called DT that contains some rows with NA’s then the removal of those rows can be done by using DT[is.finite(rowSums(DT))].Example1Loading data.table package and creating a data.table object −> library(data.table) > x1 x2 DT1 DT1Output x1 x2 1: 1 2 2: NA 4 3: 1 2 4: NA 5 5: 1 6 6: 1 8 7: NA 3 8: 1 ... Read More
To create a boxplot, we have one factor and one numerical column and the boxplot is created for each category or levels in that factor. Now if we have two factors then the boxplot can be created for both factor levels by passing fill argument in geom_boxplot. This will help us to differentiate between the boxplots for the two factors. Check out the below examples to understand how it works.ExampleConsider the below data frame −Live Demo> x y grp df dfOutput x y grp 1 Female 0.790349405 b ... Read More
In this article, we will see how to create buttons dynamically in a tkinter window. Creating buttons dynamically means customizing the buttons and their functionality by adding events to them.First, we will import the tkinter library in the notebook, then we will create an instance using the Button function which takes parameters such as parent or root of the window, textvariable which is the value to assign in each button and command.SyntaxButton(parent, textvariable, command)Examplefrom tkinter import * import tkinter as tk # create an instance of tkinter win = tk.Tk() #Define the size of the window win.geometry("700x200") ... Read More
In this article, we will see how to extract Wikipedia data using Python. Python is widely used for creating web scrapers to capture the meta information from the websites.For this article, we will use the Wikipedia API and library to get the data from the Wikipedia source URL. The API will help to fetch the data from the given URL. Then, we will invoke the method on the given URL and print the information on the screen.In order to extract data from Wikipedia, we have to first import the wikipedia library in Python using 'pip install wikipedia'.In this program, we ... Read More
Let us suppose we have created a button and a label in Tkinter Frame. The task is to allow the button text to dynamically resize to its main window. We can create the button using a button widget. However, there are several other functions used to create the button label dynamically.In this example, we will create two buttons with some labels in it. By using the Grid method such as rowconfigure() and columnconfigure(), we will dynamically resize the main window or the root.To make the button text dynamic, we will use the bind(, command) method which will help us to ... Read More
Let us suppose that in a particular application, we have some fixed set of options or choices for the user in a drop-down list. The Options or Choices can be created using the OptionMenu Widget Constructor.OptionMenu(window, variable, choice1, choice2, choice3……)Once the option is created, it can be detected by a click event which generally prints whether a particular option is selected or not. For this example, we will simply create an application where a check button will be present with some choices from the range (1 to 9). By default, the button is set to “1” using the set method. ... Read More
Tkinter provides many functions and modules through which we can create fully featured applications with buttons, dialogue boxes, widgets, and many more.To create a text widget, we can use the tkinter entry widget function which is basically a constructor and it takes the window or frame of the tkinter. Further, we can delete the content of this text widget using the built-in method delete(first, last=None) which basically takes a range within the textbox.In this example, we will create a Delete Button which basically deletes all the contents from the given text box.Examplefrom tkinter import * win= Tk() win.geometry("600x300") ... Read More
Let us suppose that we want to create a splash screen using tkinter. To create a splash screen, we will follow the steps given below −Create a splash screen with some labels in it.Make the splash screen borderless using the overrideredirect method.Create a function for the main window which will appear for a time just after the splash screen.Now using the after method, we can define the time for which the main window will appear.Example#Importing the tkinter library from tkinter import * #Create an instance of tkinter frame splash_win= Tk() #Set the title of the window splash_win.title("Splash Screen ... Read More
Python has a rich collection of libraries that are used for multiple purposes like creating and developing applications, web development, scientific computation, software testing, machine learning, and many more. Python is also used for testing and developing system applications in terms of information security. There are several other libraries and tools available that contain specific scripts used for creating hashes, information gathering, information retrieval, encryption and decryption, web crawling, spoofing, and many more.In this article, we will create a program that will decrypt a password protected PDF document. For decryption, we will use a word list that contains some common ... Read More